इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
Desh · Deccan Inland Plateau
Desh's periods are set by its own institutions rather than by imperial dates. Its medieval period is best dated not from a conquest but from a book and a walk: the Dnyaneshwari, composed in 1290, which made Marathi a language you could argue philosophy in, and the Vitthal shrine at Pandharpur, first recorded in an inscription of 1189, which has organised the plateau's year ever since. Its modern period begins in 1674 with a state founded on these mesas, and turns again in 1713, when the office of Peshwa became the working government and Pune rather than Satara became the capital. The British annexation of 1818 closes that, but it does not close the region's habit of argument, which reappears within two generations as the reform societies, newspapers and colleges of nineteenth-century Pune.
कालक्रम यहाँ क्षेत्रीय है, राष्ट्रीय नहीं — मध्यकाल हर क्षेत्र में एक ही सदी से शुरू नहीं होता।
The plateau's early importance is entirely a function of the passes. Goods landed at Sopara, Kalyan and Chaul had to climb the Sahyadri wall to reach Paithan and Ujjain, and the climbs were few, so whoever held Naneghat, Bhor or Khambatki taxed the whole trade. The Satavahana period put a toll station and a rock-cut monastery at almost every one of them, which is why the densest cave excavation in India sits at Junnar rather than at any capital. When that trade thinned, authority on the plateau devolved to families holding local titles under distant overlords, and the most durable of them, the Shilaharas of the Kolhapur line, ran the southern end of the region for nearly three centuries from Karad and then Kolhapur.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| c. 1st century BCE | Inscriptions are cut in the Naneghat pass recording Satavahana genealogy and Vedic sacrifices; the queen Naganika is named in them. The pass takes its name from the coin box that stood beside the road. |
| c. 1st–3rd century CE | The Junnar group, over two hundred rock-cut excavations across four hills, is cut, along with the chaitya halls at Karla, Bhaja and Bedse above the Bhor and Borghat approaches. Donors named in the inscriptions include Yavana traders. |
| c. 940–1212 | The Kolhapur line of the Shilaharas holds the Krishna and Panchganga country, first from Karad and later from Kolhapur, with residences at Panhala and Valavade. |
| 1108–1138 | Gandaraditya Shilahara endows temples and tanks across the Panchganga basin, several with Kannada inscriptions. |
| 1189 | An inscription records a shrine to Vitthal on the site of the present temple at Pandharpur, the earliest dated notice of the cult. |
| c. 1212–1220 | Bhoja II, the last of the Kolhapur Shilaharas, is dispossessed by the Yadava Singhana II, and the plateau passes to Devagiri. |
For four and a half centuries no capital stood on this plateau. Devagiri, Delhi, Gulbarga, Ahmadnagar and Bijapur governed it in turn from outside, and what held it together underneath was not a dynasty but a set of hereditary offices: the deshmukh and deshpande of a pargana, the patil and kulkarni of a village, holding watan rights that every incoming power confirmed because none of them could collect revenue without them. The Varkari movement grew in exactly that gap, addressing a countryside rather than a court, and its literature is in the spoken language for that reason. The Bhosale family's rise after 1600 begins as one more jagir held under a sultanate, and the state Shivaji built after 1646 was assembled fort by fort out of the same watan network.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1290 | Dnyaneshwar completes the Dnyaneshwari, a Marathi commentary on the Bhagavad Gita; his samadhi at Alandi becomes the northern anchor of the pilgrimage. |
| 1296 and 1308 | Alauddin Khalji's expeditions reduce the Yadavas of Devagiri first to tribute and then to vassalage, and the plateau passes under Delhi's administration. |
| 1347 | The Bahmani Sultanate is established in the Deccan; after 1490 the plateau is divided between Ahmadnagar in the north and Bijapur in the south, with the Bhima as a rough line. |
| 1630s | The Pune and Supe jagir, held by the Bhosale family first under Ahmadnagar and then under Bijapur, is administered from Pune. Shahaji's household establishes itself there. |
| 1646 onward | Torna, Rajgad, Purandar and the Maval forts are taken; Rajgad becomes the working capital of the new state for over twenty years. |
| 1659 | The Bijapur commander Afzal Khan is killed at a parley below Pratapgad and his army broken; Panhala and the Kolhapur country are taken soon after. |
| 1660 | Shivaji breaks out of the siege of Panhala at night; the rearguard action in the Ghod Khind is commanded by Baji Prabhu Deshpande, who is killed holding the pass. |
| 1665 | The Treaty of Purandar surrenders twenty-three forts to the Mughals; most are recovered within five years. |
| 1670 | Kondhana is taken in a night assault led by Tanaji Malusare, who is killed in it, and is renamed Sinhagad. The exchange between Shivaji and his officers reported afterwards belongs to the powada tradition rather than to any contemporary record. |
Between 1713 and 1818 Pune was the administrative centre of the largest Indian polity of its century, and the physical city, its wadas, ghats, canals and endowed temples, dates almost entirely from those hundred and five years. The collapse was quick. Two battles in the winter of 1817 and the Peshwa's surrender in June 1818 ended it, and the Company kept a client Maratha state at Satara for thirty years before absorbing that too. What followed was not quiet. The same city that had been an administration became a place of associations, presses and colleges, and the plateau produced within one lifetime the Satyashodhak Samaj, a peasant debt revolt, the Deccan Education Society, the first Indian political weeklies of consequence, and a princely administration at Kolhapur that legislated on caste from the throne a generation before British India did.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1713 | Balaji Vishwanath is appointed Peshwa; the office becomes hereditary and the seat of government moves from Satara towards Pune. |
| 1730–1732 | The Shaniwar Wada is built at Pune and occupied in 1732, fixing the city as the capital in fact. |
| 1761 | The defeat at Panipat kills a large part of the plateau's fighting establishment; the Peshwa Balaji Bajirao dies within months. |
| 1774–1795 | A council of ministers known as the Barbhai governs in the name of the infant Sawai Madhavrao, with Nana Fadnavis directing revenue and diplomacy from Pune. |
| 5 November 1817 | The Peshwa's army is defeated at Khadki outside Pune; the Shaniwar Wada is occupied on 17 November. |
| 1 January 1818 | A Company detachment holds the village of Koregaon on the Bhima against a much larger Peshwa force for a day; the Peshwa surrenders in June and the office is abolished. |
| 1818–1848 | A Maratha princely state is constituted at Satara under Pratapsinh; he is deposed in 1839 and the state is annexed in 1848 when his brother dies without a recognised heir. |
| 1873–1885 | Jyotirao Phule founds the Satyashodhak Samaj at Pune in 1873; the Deccan Education Society follows in 1884 and Fergusson College in 1885. |
| 26 July 1902 | Shahu of Kolhapur orders that half the posts in his state's service be filled from communities outside the established administrative castes. |
शासक और सेनापति
Built or endowed temples and irrigation tanks across the Panchganga basin, including Jain foundations recorded in Kannada, which is the clearest surviving evidence of how far Kannada literacy reached up the Krishna before Marathi displaced it in administration.
राजवंश: Shilahara, Kolhapur line. राजधानी: Kolhapur
Built a state out of the plateau's fort system and its watan offices rather than out of a standing capital, taking Torna in 1646 and governing from Rajgad for over twenty years before moving to Raigad. The revenue administration he set up assessed land directly and paid officers in cash rather than in hereditary grants, which is the change that made the rest possible.
राजवंश: Bhosale. राजधानी: Rajgad, and from 1670 Raigad
A deshpande was the hereditary record-keeper of a pargana, an office rather than a lordship. Baji Prabhu held that office in the Maval and commanded the rearguard that held the Ghod Khind during the withdrawal from Panhala in 1660, where he was killed. He is the standard example of how the new state was staffed from the existing local offices rather than from a nobility.
राजवंश: Held a watan office, not a dynasty. राजधानी: Hirdas Maval, in the Bhor uplands
Led the night escalade that recovered Kondhana in 1670 and was killed in the action; the fort was renamed Sinhagad afterwards.
राजवंश: Maratha service household. राजधानी: Umrathe, in the Maval
Turned a ministerial appointment into the working government of the Maratha state and negotiated the 1719 settlement with Delhi that gave it a revenue claim across the Deccan. Every later feature of Desh, the wadas, the canals, the temple endowments and the city itself, is paid for out of that claim.
राजवंश: Bhat, the Peshwa family. राजधानी: Saswad, then Pune
Commanded the campaigns that carried Maratha authority into Malwa, Gujarat and the Narmada country, and moved the Peshwa's establishment permanently to Pune, where the Shaniwar Wada was occupied in 1732.
राजवंश: Bhat. राजधानी: Pune
Directed the Barbhai council that governed in the name of the infant Sawai Madhavrao, running revenue, correspondence and diplomacy from Pune for a quarter of a century in which the Peshwa himself was a minor.
राजवंश: Bhanu; served the Peshwa administration. राजधानी: Pune
Ordered in July 1902 that half the posts in his state's service go to communities outside the established administrative castes, made primary education free and compulsory in the state in 1917, legalised widow remarriage in 1917 and inter-caste marriage in 1919, and funded hostels by community so that rural students could study in the city at all.
राजवंश: Bhosale of Kolhapur. राजधानी: Kolhapur
Desh का इतिहास — प्राचीन से मध्यकाल होते हुए आधुनिक काल तक, और वे शासक, सेनापति और प्रशासक जिन्होंने इसे गढ़ा। (8)