इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
Kalyana Karnataka · Deccan Inland Plateau
The Kannada of these districts is the variety furthest from the Bengaluru standard taught in schools, and speakers know it. It keeps verb endings that the southern standard has dropped, and its everyday vocabulary for household objects, administration, food and trade is heavily Persian and Urdu — an inheritance of five and a half centuries in which the state above the village spoke Persian and then Urdu. Alongside it, and not as a dialect of it, sits Dakhni: an Urdu with Deccan syntax and a large Kannada and Telugu loan stock, used as a home language and as the language of the market.
बोलियाँ
Called Kalburgi or north-eastern Kannada in the dialect literature. It retains older interrogative and past forms, uses a distinct set of case postpositions, and takes Urdu words where the southern standard would take Sanskrit ones.
बोलने वाले: The first language of the large majority of the region
The Deccan's own Urdu, with a literary history that begins in the Bahmani and Adil Shahi courts and predates the standardisation of Urdu in the north. Spoken at home in the towns and used as a common market language between Kannada, Marathi and Telugu speakers.
Spoken in the tandas across the region, unwritten in ordinary use, and unrelated to the Kannada spoken around it. Its speakers are almost universally bilingual, and transmission to children is falling sharply.
Spoken along the Krishna and in the Ballari and Raichur border villages, where the same fields have been farmed in both languages for generations and households switch by context rather than by identity.
Spoken in the northern taluks of the Bidar plateau, continuous with the Marathi of the country beyond it, and a normal second or third language in Bidar town.
स्थानीय शब्दावली
| शब्द | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| Vachana ವಚನ | Literally "that which is said". A short signed prose-poem in spoken Kannada, without metre, ending in the author's ankita. The form the twelfth-century Sharanas invented and the region's largest contribution to Kannada literature. |
| Ankita ಅಂಕಿತ | The signature phrase that closes every vachana and names its author's chosen form of God — Basavanna's Kudalasangamadeva, Akka Mahadevi's Chennamallikarjuna, Allama Prabhu's Guheshwara. It is how anonymous manuscripts are attributed. |
| Sharana ಶರಣ | A participant in the twelfth-century movement at Kalyana; literally one who has surrendered. Used as a form of address between members, across occupation and birth. |
| Anubhava Mantapa ಅನುಭವ ಮಂಟಪ | The assembly at Kalyana where the Sharanas debated, recorded in the vachana literature as an open forum rather than a monastery. The building at Basavakalyana that carries the name today is modern. |
| Khaddi rotti ಖಡಕ್ ರೊಟ್ಟಿ | Jowar bread dried hard so it keeps for weeks. Sold by weight, packed for a journey, and the single word that most reliably identifies a North Karnataka kitchen. |
| Chutney pudi ಚಟ್ನಿ ಪುಡಿ | A dry pounded powder of roasted seed, nut and chilli that sits on the plate in place of a gravy. Never confused with a wet chutney, which is a different food with a different shelf life. |
| Hagevu ಹಗೇವು | An airtight underground grain pit dug in black soil, fired and sealed. The dryland household's insurance against a failed monsoon. |
| Karez ಕಾರಂಜ್ | The Persian qanat — a gently sloping tunnel that taps groundwater and delivers it by gravity, its line marked at the surface by a row of vertical shafts. Bidar has a working system of them cut into laterite. |
| Tanda ತಾಂಡ | A Lambani settlement, historically a caravan halt and now a hamlet, usually named after its founding elder and administratively attached to a larger village. |
| Jatre ಜಾತ್ರೆ | A temple festival and the fair around it — the cattle market, the theatre troupe, the sweet stalls and the vow-fulfilment all included in the word. |
| Bidri ಬಿದ್ರಿ | Silver-inlaid blackened alloy ware. The word is simply the adjective from Bidar, which is the whole argument about where the craft belongs. |
| Togari ತೊಗರಿ | Red gram, tur, pigeon pea. The region's cash crop, its daily dal and the subject of its only registered agricultural geographical indication. |
कहावतें
| कहावत | शाब्दिक अर्थ | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| Kalabeda, kolabeda, husiya nudiyalu beda | Do not steal, do not kill, do not speak untruth | The opening of Basavanna's best-known vachana, which goes on to say that this conduct is itself the way to please God. Quoted in schools, on walls and in ordinary argument across Karnataka, usually without anyone stopping to note that it is eight hundred years old. |
| Dehave degula | The body itself is the temple | From Basavanna's vachana contrasting the rich who build temples with the poor man whose legs are the pillars and whose head is the golden finial. Used to mean that ritual expenditure is beside the point. |
| Hittala gida maddalla | The plant in the backyard is not medicine | What is close at hand is undervalued precisely because it is close at hand. |
| Angai hunnige kannadi beke | Do you need a mirror to see the sore on your palm | Said of something so evident that arguing about it is a waste of breath. |
| Koosu huttuva modale kulavi holisidaru | They had the cap stitched before the child was born | Planning in detail for something that has not happened and may not. |
Kalyana Karnataka की बोलियाँ, स्थानीय शब्दावली और कहावतें। (17)