इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
Utkal · Eastern Coastal Plains
Coastal Odisha keeps two clocks. The political one runs from Kalinga through the Eastern Gangas to the Gajapatis and stops in 1568, when independent kingship ended; the institutional one never stopped, because the Jagannath temple at Puri went on running its kitchen, its wardrobe and its chariot yard under every subsequent authority. So the region's medieval period begins in 1078, when Anantavarman Chodaganga made the delta the seat of an imperial monarchy and began the present temple, rather than with any northern Indian date; and its modern period begins in 1803 with the Company's occupation, because Mughal and Maratha rule had changed the coast far less than the revenue settlement that followed did. The hinge event of the modern period is not 1857 but 1817, when a hereditary militia whose land tenure had just been abolished rose across Khurda and Puri.
कालक्रम यहाँ क्षेत्रीय है, राष्ट्रीय नहीं — मध्यकाल हर क्षेत्र में एक ही सदी से शुरू नहीं होता।
Kalinga on this coast was wealthy enough and independent enough to be worth a Mauryan war, and the edicts Ashoka had cut at Dhauli on the Daya and at Jaugada further south are the earliest dated writing in the region. What followed was not one state but a long succession of them working the same delta — Mahameghavahana, Sailodbhava, Bhauma-Kara, Somavamshi — and, running alongside, a Buddhist establishment at Ratnagiri, Lalitgiri and Udayagiri in the Assia hills that was endowed and rebuilt for roughly a thousand years. The coast's other constant is the sea: the region's own memory of sailing east survives as a festival long after the trade itself ended.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| c. 261 BCE | The Mauryan conquest of Kalinga. Ashoka's separate rock edicts are cut at Dhauli on the Daya, at the delta's inner edge, and at Jaugada on the Rushikulya. |
| c. 1st century BCE | The Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela is cut at Udayagiri near Bhubaneswar, recording his campaigns and public works. Its absolute date is debated and the regnal reckoning is not settled. |
| c. 1st–12th century CE | The Buddhist establishments of Lalitgiri, Ratnagiri and Udayagiri in the Assia hills of the lower Mahanadi basin are founded and repeatedly enlarged, remaining active long after Buddhism had contracted elsewhere in eastern India. |
| 619 CE | The Ganjam copper plates of the Sailodbhava ruler Madhavaraja II are issued from Kongoda, the earliest firmly dated administrative record from the coast. |
| c. 736–950 | The Bhauma-Kara dynasty rules Toshala from Guhadevapataka near Jajpur. Its first kings were Buddhist patrons, and an unusual number of its later rulers were women, among them Tribhuvana Mahadevi I, Dandi Mahadevi and Dharma Mahadevi. |
| c. 1040–1065 | Under the Somavamshi ruler Uddyotakeshari the Brahmeswara temple is dedicated at Bhubaneswar and work begins on the Lingaraj, completed under his successor — the point at which the Kalinga temple order reaches full scale. |
Anantavarman Chodaganga's seventy-two-year reign turned a regional kingdom into an imperial one running from the Godavari to the Ganges, moved the working capital to Kataka on the Mahanadi, and began the present temple at Puri. From that point the temple and the state were the same project: the king ruled as the deity's deputy, and the office of Gajapati, first used as a title by Narasingha Deva I in 1246, carried a ritual charge as well as a military one. Konark, begun about 1250, is the outer limit of what that arrangement could build. The Suryavamsi Gajapatis pushed the state's reach south to the Kaveri country in the fifteenth century and lost it within a generation. When independent kingship ended in 1568 the temple establishment simply carried on under new overlords, and the ritual half of the Gajapati office survived at Khurda and then Puri.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1078–1150 | Reign of Anantavarman Chodaganga of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. Kalinganagara gives way to Kataka as the working capital, and construction of the present Jagannath temple at Puri begins. |
| c. 1250 | The Sun temple at Konark is begun for Narasingha Deva I. Its main tower had collapsed by the colonial period; the surviving jagamohana is what stands. |
| 1435 | Kapilendra Deva is consecrated, founding the Suryavamsi Gajapati line; his son Hamvira Deva commands the campaigns that take Kondavidu in 1446 and reach far into the Telugu and Tamil country. |
| 1510 | Chaitanya settles at Puri, where he remained until his death; the Vaishnava devotional current he set going reshapes the temple town's practice and its literature. |
| 1568 | Forces of the Karrani sultanate of Bengal defeat and kill Mukunda Deva; independent kingship on this coast ends. Ramachandra Deva I establishes a reduced state at Khurda and takes over the superintendence of the Jagannath temple, which keeps the Gajapati office alive as a ritual one. |
| 1592 | Mughal authority is established over Odisha, which is administered as part of the Bengal subah; the Khurda house continues as a subordinate ruling family. |
| 1751 | The Marathas of Nagpur acquire Odisha by treaty from the Nawab of Bengal and administer it from Cuttack for half a century, leaving the temple establishment in place. |
The Company occupied Odisha in 1803 and within fifteen years had dismantled the arrangement that held rural society together. The paiks — a hereditary militia holding rent-free service land under the Khurda house — lost their jagirs; the cowrie was demonetised and revenue demanded in silver; salt was taken into monopoly; and estates were farmed out to bidders from outside the province. The rising of 1817 followed directly from that, and it was put down over eight years. The other long thread of the period is language. Because Odia-speaking country was split between three administrations, a movement grew from 1903 to bring it under one, and in 1936 Odisha became the first Indian province constituted on a linguistic basis. The famine of 1866, which killed on an extraordinary scale, is what gave that movement its argument about neglect.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1803 | A Company force under Colonel Harcourt occupies Odisha during the Second Anglo-Maratha War; Cuttack is taken and the province ceded at Deogaon. |
| 1804 | Khurda rises after the terms agreed with its Raja are not honoured. Mukunda Deva II is deposed and removed to Puri; his Rajguru, Jayakrushna Rajguru Mahapatra, is tried and executed in 1806. |
| 1817–1818 | The Paika rebellion. Beginning in Ghumsur and spreading through Banpur, Khurda and Puri, it was led by Bakshi Jagabandhu, the deposed commander of the Khurda forces. Company authority was restored across the district within months, but operations against the leaders continued to 1825. |
| 1866 | The Na'anka famine. Failure of the 1865 crop, an export-oriented grain trade and a coast reachable only by sea in the monsoon combined to kill an estimated third of the population of the Odisha division. It became the standing argument of the province's later politics. |
| 6–20 April 1930 | The salt satyagraha in Odisha. Volunteers marched from the Swaraj Ashram at Cuttack to Inchudi in Balasore and made salt on 14 April; Kujang in Jagatsinghpur and Latra in Puri were the delta's other centres, and women joined in large numbers from 20 April. |
| 1 April 1936 | Odisha is constituted a separate province, bringing most Odia-speaking districts under a single administration for the first time since 1568. |
| 1942 | Quit India brings arrests across Cuttack, Puri and the delta towns, and a parallel movement in the garjat states pressing the same demands against their rulers. |
शासक और सेनापति
Known almost entirely from the Hathigumpha inscription he had cut at Udayagiri, which records campaigns, the repair of a canal and the patronage of Jain ascetics. Everything about him, including his dates, rests on that one text.
राजवंश: Mahameghavahana. राजधानी: Kalinganagara
Took the throne in her own name and is credited with holding the kingdom together at a point of succession failure. She was the first of several Bhauma-Kara women who ruled rather than acted as consorts, which makes this dynasty unusual in the whole of early medieval India.
राजवंश: Bhauma-Kara. राजधानी: Guhadevapataka, near Jajpur
Reigned seventy-two years and made the delta the seat of an empire reaching from the Godavari to the Ganges. He began the present Jagannath temple at Puri, which fused the state and the temple into a single institution that outlived every dynasty that followed.
राजवंश: Eastern Ganga. राजधानी: Kalinganagara, then Kataka
Campaigned into Bengal in the 1240s, was the first ruler here to take the title Gajapati in 1246, and commissioned the Sun temple at Konark about 1250 — the largest single building project the coast ever attempted.
राजवंश: Eastern Ganga. राजधानी: Kataka
Consecrated in 1435, he founded the Suryavamsi line and extended the state further south than any ruler of this coast before or since. He also formalised the king's position as the deity's servant at Puri, which is why the office survived the loss of the kingdom.
राजवंश: Suryavamsi Gajapati. राजधानी: Kataka
Kapilendra's son and the field commander of the Gajapati expansion. He took Kondavidu in 1446 and led the campaigns through the Telugu country; he later contested the succession against his brother Purushottama, and the civil conflict cost the state most of what he had won.
राजवंश: Suryavamsi Gajapati. राजधानी: Kataka
Adviser and effective head of administration at Khurda who mobilised the paiks in 1804 when the terms agreed with the Company in 1803 were not honoured. Tried and executed in 1806.
राजधानी: Khurda
Hereditary commander of the Khurda militia whose own estate was attached in 1814. He led the rising of 1817 across Khurda, Banpur and Puri, surrendered in 1825 under terms and died a prisoner at Cuttack in 1829.
राजधानी: Khurda; estate at Rorang
Utkal का इतिहास — प्राचीन से मध्यकाल होते हुए आधुनिक काल तक, और वे शासक, सेनापति और प्रशासक जिन्होंने इसे गढ़ा। (8)