इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
Travancore & Kuttanad · Western Coastal Strip
Travancore's dates are its own twice over. Its medieval period is the long Venad centuries after the Chera Perumals, when the southern country was a chiefdom among chiefdoms, hemmed in by the Ettuveetil Pillamar - eight noble houses - and by the Ettara Yogam, the temple council at Thiruvananthapuram, both of which could and did veto a ruler. Its modern period begins in 1729, not 1757 or 1857, because that is when Marthanda Varma began the campaigns that in twenty-four years absorbed Attingal, Kollam, Kayamkulam, Ambalapuzha, Thekkumkur and Vadakkumkur into a single state, broke the eight houses and disarmed the temple council. The constitutional turn came on 3 January 1750, when the kingdom was made over to Sree Padmanabha and thereafter governed in the deity's name - a legal device with real consequences, since a state that defines itself as a temple establishment spends its surplus on temple arts and its ruler signs as the deity's servant. Travancore was a princely state to the end of the colonial period, so the political argument here ran against a durbar and a Dewan more often than against a Resident.
कालक्रम यहाँ क्षेत्रीय है, राष्ट्रीय नहीं — मध्यकाल हर क्षेत्र में एक ही सदी से शुरू नहीं होता।
The far south was Ay country - a chiefdom named repeatedly in Sangam poetry, with Vizhinjam among its ports and the Podiyil and Agasthyamalai hills behind it. It sat on the fault line between the Chera and Pandya spheres and was fought over by both for centuries. Kollam, further north on the same coast, was a working international port by the ninth century, and the copper plates issued there are the best single document of who actually lived and traded on this coast: the witnesses signed in three scripts.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| c. 3rd century BCE - 3rd century CE | The Ay chiefdom holds the far south, named in Sangam poems for its patronage and its hill country; Vizhinjam is among its ports. |
| 8th-9th century | Ay territory is contested between the Pandyas and the Chera Perumals; Vizhinjam is attacked repeatedly. |
| 825 | The Kollam era, Kollavarsham, begins - the calendar still used for temple dates, agricultural reckoning and the Onam and Vishu calculations of this coast. |
| 849 | The Tarisapalli copper plates are issued at Kollam, granting land and privileges to a church, with witnesses signing in Kufic, Pahlavi and Hebrew. |
| c. 1100 | As the Chera Perumal kingdom ends, Venad emerges as its southern successor, its rulers taking the Kulasekhara style at Kollam. |
For six centuries Venad was one small state among several on this coast, and not the strongest. Its rulers were constrained at home by the Ettuveetil Pillamar and the Ettara Yogam and abroad by Kayamkulam, Kollam and the Zamorin. What changed the arithmetic was the pepper trade and the Europeans who came for it: the Portuguese took posts on this coast from the early sixteenth century and the Dutch displaced them in the mid-seventeenth, and both preferred the smaller southern chiefdoms weak and separate. Venad's answer, when it came, was to buy European weapons and hire European drill.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 12th century | The Venad rulers, styling themselves Kulasekhara at Kollam, hold the coast between the Ay country and the Vembanad lagoon. |
| 1502 | Portuguese factories are established on the southern coast; a fort follows at Kollam. Francis Xavier works along the southern fishery coast from 1542. |
| 1658-1663 | The Dutch East India Company takes the Portuguese posts on this coast, Kollam in 1661 and Kochi in 1663, and becomes the arbiter of the pepper trade. |
| April 1721 | The Attingal outbreak: a party of English East India Company men from Anjengo carrying presents to the Attingal Rani is attacked and killed, after a long dispute over the company's dealings and its monopoly claims. |
| 1729 | Marthanda Varma succeeds in Venad and begins the campaigns that will make Travancore, against the Ettuveetil Pillamar at home and the neighbouring chiefdoms outside. |
Travancore was built in twenty-four years and then spent two centuries administering what it had built. Marthanda Varma's method was European drill and artillery applied to a coastal war, and the hinge was the defeat of a Dutch force at Colachel in 1741, after which the captured officer Eustachius De Lannoy spent thirty-six years rebuilding the Travancore army and its forts. The Thrippadidanam of 1750 fixed the state's self-description; the subsidiary alliances of 1795 and 1805 fixed its position under the British and cost it an army and a foreign policy. What it did with the resulting peace is the substance of its nineteenth century: land settlement in 1865, state schooling from the 1810s, a legislature from 1888, and a long, contested, mostly unwilling opening of roads, schools and temples that ran from the 1860s to the proclamation of 1936.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1729-1753 | Marthanda Varma's campaigns absorb Attingal, Kollam, Kayamkulam, Ambalapuzha, Thekkumkur and Vadakkumkur; the Ettuveetil Pillamar are broken and the Ettara Yogam's veto is ended. |
| August 1741 | A Dutch force is defeated at Colachel. Dutch records date the action to 7 August and Travancore accounts to 10 August. Eustachius De Lannoy, taken prisoner, enters Travancore service and commands its army until 1777. |
| 3 January 1750 | The Thrippadidanam: the kingdom is made over to Sree Padmanabha at Thiruvananthapuram and thereafter governed in the deity's name, its rulers signing as Padmanabhadasa. |
| 1753 | The Treaty of Mavelikkara ends Dutch interference; the Company agrees not to obstruct Travancore's expansion and to sell it arms. |
| 1789-1790 | Tipu Sultan attacks the Nedumkotta lines on the northern frontier; the Third Anglo-Mysore War follows and the threat is removed. |
| 1795 and 1805 | Subsidiary alliance with the East India Company and its revision, bringing a permanent Resident, a subsidy paid from Travancore revenue, and the effective end of an independent army. |
| 11 January 1809 | Velu Thampi, the Dalawa, issues the Kundara Proclamation calling on the country to rise against the Company. The rising is defeated within weeks and he dies at Mannadi in March 1809. |
| 1817 | A rescript issued in the regency of Rani Gowri Parvati Bayi commits state expenditure to schooling, the beginning of the public education system for which the state later became known. |
| 1865 | The Pandarapattom Proclamation confers occupancy right on tenants of state land, converting a large class of cultivators into proprietors. |
| 1888 and 1904 | A legislative council is constituted in 1888 and the Sree Mulam Popular Assembly in 1904, the earliest representative bodies in any Indian princely state. |
| 12 November 1936 | The Temple Entry Proclamation opens the state's temples to all Hindus, ending the exclusion the Vaikom and Guruvayur campaigns had contested. |
शासक और सेनापति
Made a state out of a chiefdom in twenty-four years by absorbing his neighbours and breaking the noble houses and the temple council that had constrained his predecessors. Dedicated the kingdom to Sree Padmanabha in 1750, which fixed both its finances and its self-description for two centuries.
राजवंश: Venad or Kupaka line. राजधानी: Padmanabhapuram
Ran the civil side of the conquest - revenue assessment, grain procurement and the negotiations that produced the Treaty of Mavelikkara in 1753. The administrative machinery of the new state is largely his.
राजधानी: Padmanabhapuram
A Flemish officer captured at Colachel who entered Travancore service and spent thirty-six years drilling its infantry, casting its guns and building its forts, including the Nedumkotta lines that later held against Mysore. Buried at Udayagiri.
राजधानी: Udayagiri Fort
Held the state Marthanda Varma built through the Mysore wars, completed the Nedumkotta lines, moved the capital to Thiruvananthapuram in 1795, and gave asylum to the displaced houses of the northern coast.
राजवंश: Travancore. राजधानी: Padmanabhapuram, then Thiruvananthapuram
Governed through the reforming years after Munro's residency; the 1817 rescript committing state money to schooling was issued in her regency, as were measures on court procedure and the abolition of several customary levies.
राजवंश: Travancore. राजधानी: Thiruvananthapuram
Held the offices of Resident and Dewan together after the 1809 rising - a concentration of power unusual even for a subsidiary state. Reorganised the revenue and judicial departments and brought the temple establishments under state accounting.
राजधानी: Thiruvananthapuram
Composed several hundred works in Carnatic and Hindustani music under the signature Padmanabha, and maintained a court that drew musicians and dancers from across the south; the codified Mohiniyattam repertoire and the southern Kathakali line both owe their form to this patronage.
राजवंश: Travancore. राजधानी: Thiruvananthapuram
Rose to the chief ministership on a popular agitation against the Dewan of the day, reorganised the revenue, and then turned against the subsidiary alliance itself, issuing the Kundara Proclamation on 11 January 1809. Died at Mannadi in March 1809.
राजधानी: Thiruvananthapuram and Kundara
Travancore & Kuttanad का इतिहास — प्राचीन से मध्यकाल होते हुए आधुनिक काल तक, और वे शासक, सेनापति और प्रशासक जिन्होंने इसे गढ़ा। (8)