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Sundarbans · Middle & Lower Gangetic Plain

स्वतंत्रता सेनानी

The Sundarbans was not a centre of national politics, and pretending otherwise would misdescribe it. Through the whole colonial period it was frontier land being cleared, held by lot-holders and worked by recent settlers, and what organised resistance there was took the shape of tenant and sharecropper movements over rent, crop share and the terms of clearance. The one nationally known revolutionary episode connected to the region happened in Calcutta, not in the delta. The largest political event the Sundarbans produced on its own ground is the Tebhaga movement of 1946–47, and its storm centres — Kakdwip and Namkhana — are islands, not towns.

विद्रोह और आंदोलन

Titumir's movement and the Barasat rising1827–1831

Syed Mir Nisar Ali, called Titumir, organised cultivators in the Narkelberia country at the delta's northern landward edge against cesses levied by local zamindars and against the demands of indigo planters. His followers built a bamboo stockade at Narkelberia and for a short period collected their own dues in the surrounding villages.

परिणाम: A Company force with artillery stormed the stockade on 19 November 1831. Titumir was killed in the action and his principal associates were tried; the movement did not survive him.

The Indigo revolt1859–1860

Cultivators across Nadia, Jessore and the 24 Parganas — the districts the Sundarbans settlers were drawn from — refused to sow indigo under the advances system, withheld their fields and took planters to court.

परिणाम: The Indigo Commission reported in 1860 and cultivation contracted sharply in Lower Bengal. The refusal was largely successful, which is unusual for a nineteenth-century agrarian movement.

The Tebhaga movement1946–1947

Sharecroppers demanded that the landholder's share fall from one half to one third of the crop, and that the harvest be stored on the sharecropper's own threshing floor until it was divided. Kakdwip and Namkhana were the principal centres in the delta, with action also at Canning, Bhangar and Sonarpur; participation by women was a marked feature.

परिणाम: The movement was met with arrests and police action through 1947. The one-third share it demanded was later written into tenancy law.

व्यक्ति

नाम	वर्ष	आंदोलन	किसलिए मशहूर
Titumir (Syed Mir Nisar Ali)Narkelberia, Barasat country, 24 Parganas	1782–1831	Peasant resistance to zamindari cesses and indigo advances	Organised cultivators at the delta's landward edge and briefly displaced the local revenue authority in a group of villages.Killed when the Narkelberia stockade was stormed on 19 November 1831.
Prafulla Chandra RayRaruli-Katipara, Khulna, on the forest's northern hinterland	1861–1944	Swadeshi	Chemist and teacher who founded the Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works in 1901 as a swadeshi manufacturing enterprise, and argued for industry rather than boycott alone. He put much of his income into famine and flood relief in the delta districts.
Kanailal BhattacharjeeMajilpur, Joynagar, South 24 Parganas	1909–1931	Revolutionary	One of the group of young men from the southern 24 Parganas drawn into the revolutionary organisations of the 1920s. He attacked the Alipore district judge R. R. Garlick on 27 July 1931.Shot at the scene the same day.
Charu Chandra BhandariShyambasur Chak, South 24 Parganas	born 19 October 1896	Civil disobedience and the constructive programme	Gave up legal practice after 1930 to lead the salt satyagraha in the southern 24 Parganas and the Sundarbans, and set up khadi spinning centres at Hatuganj, Diamond Harbour, Kulpi and Karanjali — the rare case of national politics reaching the delta as work rather than as a rally.Imprisoned for taking part in the salt satyagraha.
Kansari HalderAndharia, South 24 Parganas	born 26 September 1910	Civil disobedience, then the Tebhaga movement	Arrested in 1930 as a student in the civil disobedience movement; from 1941 he organised sharecroppers across the Kakdwip and Sundarbans tract, the work that became the Tebhaga movement in the delta.

Sundarbans के वे लोग जिन्होंने औपनिवेशिक शासन का प्रतिरोध किया, और वे क्षेत्रीय विद्रोह जिन्होंने उस प्रतिरोध को आकार दिया। (8)