इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
South Konkan · Western Coastal Strip
South Konkan's periodisation is set by the sea rather than by the plateau. Its medieval period begins about 765, when the southern branch of the Silaharas established itself at Balipattana near the present Kharepatan, and it is a period of ports rather than capitals: Dabhol, Rajapur and Kharepatan mattered more than any inland town. Its modern period begins in the 1650s and 1660s, not in 1818, because that is when the coast's forts were taken into the new Maratha state and rebuilt as naval bases, at Vijaydurg from 1653 and at Malvan from 1664. British rule arrives in 1818 and constitutes the coast as a separate district in 1819, named Ratnagiri from 1832. But the force that actually shaped the modern region is neither military nor political: it is khoti tenure on a soil that could not support the people living on it, and the migration to Bombay that followed from it, which has been the central fact of life here for a hundred and fifty years.
कालक्रम यहाँ क्षेत्रीय है, राष्ट्रीय नहीं — मध्यकाल हर क्षेत्र में एक ही सदी से शुरू नहीं होता।
The laterite plateaus of this coast carry several thousand rock carvings, cut into the bare sada surface and mostly unnoticed until a decade or so ago; they are not securely dated, and any figure given for their age is a proposal rather than a finding. What is documented is the coast's role as a supply line. The ports at the creek mouths fed the ghat routes that climbed to Karad and Kolhapur, and the Satavahana cave inscriptions above those passes are the indirect record of a coastal traffic that left little of its own. From about 765 the coast has its own dynasty, the southern Silaharas, ruling from Balipattana under Rashtrakuta and then Chalukya overlordship, and their genealogy survives because their last ruler had it inscribed on copper.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| undated | Several thousand petroglyphs are cut into the bare laterite of the sada plateaus across the Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg country. Proposed datings range widely and none is established; they are recorded here as undated. |
| c. 200 BCE – 300 CE | The creek ports of this coast supply the ghat trade recorded in the Satavahana cave inscriptions above the passes; the coastal strip itself is called Aparanta in the early sources. |
| c. 765 | Sanaphulla founds the southern branch of the Silaharas, ruling the coast from Balipattana under Rashtrakuta overlordship. |
| 1008 | The Kharepatan copper plates are issued by Rattaraja, recording the line's genealogy and a grant; they are the principal source for the whole southern Silahara period. |
| c. 1020 | The southern Silahara line ends, and the coast passes between the Kadambas of Goa, the Chalukyas of Kalyani and their successors. |
For six centuries the coast was a set of ports belonging to whoever held the plateau or the sea. The Yadavas took it in the thirteenth century, the Bahmanis in the fourteenth, and under the Bahmanis Dabhol on the Vashishti became the principal port between Chaul and Goa, trading to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf and known also as Mustafabad. The Russian traveller Afanasy Nikitin, who was there between 1468 and 1474, describes it as a large town and an extensive seaport dealing in horses from Arabia and Khorasan. The Portuguese arrival changed the terms: a fleet under Francisco de Almeida bombarded Dabhol in December 1508, and the trade drifted south to Rajapur. Inland, the Sawant-Bhonsle family established a chiefship in the Terekhol country that outlasted every one of these powers and survived as a princely state into the twentieth century.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 13th century | The Yadavas of Devagiri hold the coast; a fort at Gheria, the later Vijaydurg, is attributed by tradition to the Kolhapur Silahara ruler Bhoja II and dated to about 1193 to 1205. |
| 14th–15th century | Under Bahmani rule Dabhol becomes the leading port of the coast, known also as Mustafabad, connecting the Deccan to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. |
| 1468–1474 | Afanasy Nikitin describes Dabhol as a large town and extensive seaport trading as far as Ethiopia, dealing in horses from Arabia and Khorasan. |
| December 1508 | A Portuguese fleet under Francisco de Almeida bombards Dabhol; further attacks follow, and coastal trade shifts towards Rajapur. |
| 1490–1656 | The Adil Shahi sultanate of Bijapur holds the coast, with Dabhol and Rajapur as its outlets and Gheria among its forts. |
| 1627 | Khem Sawant I establishes the Sawant-Bhonsle chiefship in the Terekhol country that becomes the Sawantwadi state. |
Between 1653 and 1667 this coast was rebuilt as a naval frontier. Gheria was taken in 1653 and renamed Vijaydurg; Sindhudurg was begun on the Kurte rock off Malvan on 25 November 1664 and finished in three years under the overseer Hiroji Indulkar. From 1698 Kanhoji Angre commanded the Maratha fleet with Vijaydurg as his coastal base, and it stayed in the family's hands until February 1756, when a combined Company and Peshwa force took it from Tulaji Angre. The coast passed to the Company in 1818, was constituted as a separate district in 1819 and named Ratnagiri in 1832, and what followed was governed by land tenure. Under khoti, a village's revenue was farmed by a khot who stood between the cultivator and the state; on laterite soil that produced tree crops and little grain, the arrangement made subsistence marginal, and from the middle of the nineteenth century the men of these villages went to Bombay and sent money back. The district was also used as a place of confinement: Thibaw, the last king of Burma, from 1885, and V. D. Savarkar from 1924.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1653 | Gheria is taken from Bijapur and renamed Vijaydurg; it is rebuilt over the following decades as the strongest fort on this coast. |
| 25 November 1664 – 1667 | Sindhudurg is built on the Kurte rock off Malvan under the overseer Hiroji Indulkar; the district later takes its name from the fort. |
| 1698–1729 | Kanhoji Angre commands the Maratha fleet with Vijaydurg as his coastal base, holding the sea traffic of this coast to a system of passes until his death in 1729. |
| February 1756 | A combined Company and Peshwa force under Watson and Clive takes Vijaydurg from Tulaji Angre, destroying the fleet anchored below it. |
| 1818–1832 | The coast passes to the East India Company; South Konkan is constituted a separate district in 1819 and formally established as Ratnagiri district in 1832. |
| 1885–1916 | Thibaw, the deposed king of Burma, is held in exile at Ratnagiri from after his deposition on 29 November 1885 until his death there on 15 December 1916. |
| 1924–1937 | V. D. Savarkar, released from the Cellular Jail on condition, is confined to Ratnagiri district; the restrictions are lifted in 1937. |
| 1937 | A bill to abolish khoti tenure is introduced in the Bombay Legislative Assembly by B. R. Ambedkar, whose own family came from Ambadawe in Mandangad taluka; it does not become law, and khoti was ended only by legislation after 1947. |
शासक और सेनापति
Founded the southern Silahara line under Rashtrakuta overlordship; his descendants held this coast for two and a half centuries.
राजवंश: Silahara, southern Konkan line. राजधानी: Balipattana, near the present Kharepatan
The last ruler of the line, and the reason anything is known about it. The Kharepatan copper plates he issued in 1008 set out the whole genealogy and are the principal document for the early medieval history of this coast.
राजवंश: Silahara, southern Konkan line. राजधानी: Balipattana
Ruled from the plateau above and is credited by tradition with the fort at Gheria, later Vijaydurg, dated in that tradition to about 1193 to 1205. He was the last of the Kolhapur line, dispossessed by the Yadava Singhana soon after 1212.
राजवंश: Shilahara, Kolhapur line. राजधानी: Panhala
Supervised the building of Sindhudurg on the Kurte rock between 1664 and 1667, reportedly with the help of Portuguese-trained engineers from Goa. He is one of the few technical officers of the period whose name survives attached to the work he did rather than to a battle.
राजवंश: An office in the Maratha establishment, not a lineage. राजधानी: Malvan
Made Vijaydurg his coastal base from 1698 and commanded the Maratha fleet until his death in 1729, holding shipping on this coast to a system of passes and repelling repeated English, Portuguese and Dutch attacks on the forts between 1717 and 1724.
राजवंश: Angre. राजधानी: Vijaydurg, on this coast
Held Vijaydurg and the fleet until February 1756, when a combined East India Company and Peshwa force took the fort and destroyed the ships anchored below it, ending independent Maratha naval power on this coast.
राजवंश: Angre. राजधानी: Vijaydurg
Established the capital at Sundarwadi, which became Sawantwadi. The chiefship moved between Bijapur, Mughal and Maratha allegiance according to circumstance, and survived as a princely state until 1947, making it the longest continuous authority on this coast.
राजवंश: Sawant-Bhonsle of Sawantwadi. राजधानी: Sundarwadi, later Sawantwadi
Over most of this coast the effective authority was neither a king nor a headman but the khot, who farmed a village's revenue and stood between the cultivator and the state. The office long predates British rule, but the nineteenth-century settlements recorded it as a property right, which fixed a relationship that had been negotiable. Khoti tenure is the single largest fact in the modern social history of this region, and the reason its villages exported their men.
राजवंश: An office, hardened into heritable property by settlement. राजधानी: Villages throughout the Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg country
South Konkan का इतिहास — प्राचीन से मध्यकाल होते हुए आधुनिक काल तक, और वे शासक, सेनापति और प्रशासक जिन्होंने इसे गढ़ा। (8)