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Siang & Adi Belt · Eastern Himalaya & Brahmaputra Belt
Everything spoken across the belt except in the topmost villages belongs to the Tani branch of Tibeto-Burman — Adi, Galo, Tagin, Nyishi, Apatani and Mising are all Tani, and they are close enough that a speaker of one can pick up the shape of another within days. That is the region's most useful single fact, because it makes the hill-and-floodplain division an administrative one rather than a linguistic one: the Mising of the Assam sandbars are Tani speakers who moved downhill. None of these languages had a script before the twentieth century, and the ritual registers used in abang chanting are archaic enough that ordinary speakers need them explained.
बोलियाँ
A cluster rather than a single language — Padam, Minyong, Pasi, Panggi, Komkar, Shimong, Ashing, Bori, Bokar, Pailibo, Ramo and Tangam among others, with mutual intelligibility falling off sharply between the downstream and the gorge varieties. Padam and Minyong carry most of the published material.
बोलने वाले: Around 250,000 returned as Adi speakers in the 2011 Census
Written Gallong in older records, and long treated administratively as an Adi variety; it is now recognised and documented as a language in its own right, with its own literature body and its own geographical indication for its weaving.
The Subansiri basin around Daporijo, transitional westward towards Nyishi. Si-Donyi, in January, is the Tagin festival.
Confined almost entirely to the Ziro valley floor — a small, tonally distinctive Tani language spoken by a community with a settled agricultural system quite unlike its neighbours'.
Spoken in three villages on the eastern flank of the Siang and divergent enough from Adi that linguists treat it separately. One of the most endangered languages in the belt.
बोलने वाले: A few thousand, in a handful of villages
Not Tani at all. Spoken at the head of the valley around Tuting and in Mechuka, by Buddhist communities whose institutional life runs through monasteries. The change of language, food, dress and religion happens within about a day's travel up the gorge.
Listed here because it is the same branch spoken downstream. Mising has more speakers than any hill Tani language, an active written movement, and a festival calendar recognisably related to Solung and Mopin.
बोलने वाले: Around 630,000 returned in the 2011 Census, almost all in Assam
स्थानीय शब्दावली
| शब्द | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| Kebang | The village council, and by extension any formal sitting of it. It legislates, adjudicates and enforces, and its authority rests on consensus among elders rather than on a chief — there is no hereditary ruler anywhere in this system. |
| Dolung kebang | The council of a single village, handling everything inside that village's boundary. |
| Banggo kebang | The council of a group of villages, convened for disputes over land, water and property that cross a village line. Members of the constituent dolung kebang sit in it automatically. |
| Bogum-bokang kebang | The apex council, organised in 1948 to cover the Adi as a whole. Its decisions are treated as final, and it now runs alongside the state's courts rather than under them. |
| Kebang abu | The elders who lead a sitting — chosen for command of custom and of oratory. They sit around the hearth, hear both sides, and judge from the centre of the room. |
| Moshup | The village dormitory and men's hall, spelt musup or dere in different varieties. It houses young men, stores the village's ceremonial equipment, and is where the kebang meets — dormitory, town hall and courthouse in one building. |
| Rasheng | The girls' dormitory, the counterpart institution to the moshup. |
| Miri | The ritual specialist who chants abang, presides over sacrifice and stands at the centre of the Ponung circle. Among the Galo the equivalent office is the nyibo. |
| Donyi-Polo | Literally sun and moon, and the name of the indigenous faith across the Tani belt. Oaths are sworn on it in kebang proceedings when evidence runs out. |
| Gangging | A prayer hall built for organised Donyi-Polo worship — a twentieth-century institution, introduced as part of a deliberate effort to give the faith a congregational form. |
| Apong | Rice beer. Also written apo and, in Galo usage, poka. Offering it is the standard courtesy on arrival, and refusing it is legible as a statement. |
| Ekung and eup | Fresh fermented bamboo shoot, and the dried bamboo-shoot powder made from it. Cognate words for the same two things run right across the Tani-speaking area. |
| Ekkam | The broad Phrynium leaf used for wrapping, steaming and serving. A leaf with a name, because it is a piece of equipment. |
| Tapyo | The alkaline salt substitute made by leaching and boiling down plant ash. Documented most fully among the Apatani of Ziro, whose preparation it is. |
| Mithun | Bos frontalis, the semi-domesticated bovine that ranges free in forest, is never milked and never worked, and functions as stored wealth. Bride-price, compensation and fines are all counted in it. |
| Yoksha | The ceremonial sword carried by the miri at the centre of a Ponung, distinct in form from the working dao carried at the waist. |
Siang & Adi Belt की बोलियाँ, स्थानीय शब्दावली और कहावतें। (16)