इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
Pandya Nadu · Eastern Coastal Plains
Two things make this region's periodisation its own. First, the Pandya name is the longest continuously attested political name in the Tamil country — it is in Greek and Latin sources before it is in Tamil inscription — so the ancient period here is long and unusually well witnessed from outside. Second, the medieval period begins about 590, with Kadungon's revival of the kingship, six centuries before the conventional Indian date, and the modern period begins in 1736, when Chanda Sahib took Madurai and the Nayaka state ended, not in 1801 or 1857. One boundary caveat: the historic Pandya mandalam ran well south of the Vaigai basin this file describes, to the Tamraparni and the pearl coast at Korkai and Kayal. Events there appear below because they governed the Vaigai country, not because that coast is part of it.
कालक्रम यहाँ क्षेत्रीय है, राष्ट्रीय नहीं — मध्यकाल हर क्षेत्र में एक ही सदी से शुरू नहीं होता।
The Pandya country enters the record from the outside. Megasthenes describes it in the fourth century BCE, Roman sources record an embassy from a southern Indian king to Augustus, and the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea names the Pandian kingdom and the pearl fishery that paid for it. Inside the region the earliest hard evidence is the Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions cut into the rock shelters around Madurai from about the second century BCE, which record gifts to Jain ascetics and are the oldest writing in Tamil. The Sangam academy that later tradition places at Madurai, and the Silappadikaram episode set there, are literature and should be read as such: they tell us what Madurai meant, not what happened in it. From roughly the third to the sixth century the Pandya line disappears from view, an interruption the dynasty itself later called the Kalabhra period.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| c. 4th century BCE | Megasthenes describes the Pandya country of the far south in an account preserved by later Greek writers. |
| c. 2nd century BCE onward | Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions are cut in the rock shelters around Madurai, at Mangulam and elsewhere — the earliest writing in Tamil. |
| reign of Augustus | Roman sources record an embassy from a south Indian king named Pandion; the pearl and pepper trade of the far south is described in Latin and Greek writing of the period. |
| c. 1st century CE | The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea names the Pandian kingdom and the pearl fishery at Korkai on the Gulf of Mannar. |
| c. 3rd–6th century | The Pandya line drops out of the record; later Pandya copper plates call the interruption the Kalabhra period. |
Kadungon's restoration of the kingship about 590 begins eleven centuries of Madurai as a capital. The first Pandya empire ran to about 920, when Parantaka I brought the Vaigai country under Chola overlordship; the second began in the 1190s and reached its height under Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I in the 1250s and 1260s, when Madurai's wealth was reported by Marco Polo and by Persian writers. A disputed succession after 1310 opened the country to an expedition from Delhi in 1311, and from 1335 an independent sultanate was seated at Madurai until Vijayanagara took the city in 1378. Vijayanagara ruled through Nayaka deputies, and from about 1529 the Madurai Nayakas made the region a state again: they divided it into seventy-two palayams held on military tenure, rebuilt the Meenakshi–Sundaresvara complex whose gopurams still set the skyline, and under Tirumalai Nayak built the great pillared palace of 1636.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| c. 590 | Kadungon restores Pandya kingship at Madurai after the Kalabhra interruption. |
| 8th century | The Velvikudi copper plates set out the dynasty's own genealogy and its account of the restoration — the earliest documentary record of the line. |
| c. 920 | Parantaka I of the Cholas defeats the Pandyas; the Vaigai country passes under Chola overlordship for roughly two and a half centuries. |
| 1251–1268 | Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I: the second Pandya empire at its widest. Marco Polo visited the Pandya coast in 1288 and again in 1293 and described its pearl fishery and horse trade. |
| 1310–1311 | A disputed succession follows the death of Maravarman Kulasekhara I; Malik Kafur's expedition from Delhi reaches Madurai in 1311 and treasure is carried north. The Meenakshi complex is rebuilt from later in the century. |
| 1335–1378 | An independent sultanate is seated at Madurai; Ibn Battuta visits its court in the 1340s and leaves the fullest outside account of it. |
| 1378 | Kumara Kampana takes Madurai for Vijayanagara; the campaign is the subject of Gangadevi's Sanskrit poem Madhura Vijayam, a court text rather than a chronicle. |
| c. 1529 | Viswanatha Nayaka is established at Madurai under Vijayanagara; the country is divided into seventy-two palayams, an arrangement credited to his commander Ariyanatha Mudaliar. |
The Nayaka state ended in 1736, when Chanda Sahib took Madurai and imprisoned Queen Meenakshi. For the next sixty-five years the Vaigai country was fought over by the Nawab of the Carnatic, the Company, the French and the palayakkarars, and in 1801 it passed to direct Company administration. What followed mattered more than the conquest: between 1801 and 1803 the palayam was dismantled as a military tenure and re-issued as a zamindari, which converted a warrior office into a rent-collecting one and ended armed resistance in the region for good. The nineteenth century then reorganised the Vaigai basin around the temple, the tank and the market, and pushed the black-soil country west of it into manufacture. Twentieth-century politics arrived in three distinct waves — Swadeshi after 1906, Gandhian Congress work from 1921, and social-reform campaigns over temple entry and marriage that were directed at the region's own order as much as at the colonial one.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1736 | Chanda Sahib takes Madurai; Nayaka rule ends. |
| 1764 | Yusuf Khan, who had commanded troops for the Company and the Nawab in the southern country and collected revenue from the palayakkarars, was besieged at Madurai after breaking with them, and was executed there. |
| 1801 | Under the Carnatic Treaty the Nawab cedes the administration of his territories; the Madurai country comes under direct Company revenue administration. |
| 1801–1803 | The palayams are settled as zamindari estates and the palayakkarar's military obligation is abolished, ending the region's armed chiefships. |
| 1911 | The Criminal Tribes Act is extended to the Madras Presidency; registration and reporting requirements are applied to a number of communities in this region, and remain in force until the Act's repeal in 1949. |
| 22 September 1921 | Gandhi exchanges his dhoti and shirt for a short loincloth at Madurai, after seeing the dress of agricultural labourers on the way; he wore it for the rest of his life. |
| 8 July 1939 | A. Vaidyanatha Iyer, P. Kakkan and a group of Dalit companions enter the Meenakshi temple at Madurai, ending its exclusion of Dalit worshippers. |
| 1939 | The Madras Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity Act is passed later the same year, giving the entries legal cover. |
शासक और सेनापति
Restored the Pandya kingship after the Kalabhra interruption. He is known chiefly from the Velvikudi plates, which are the dynasty's own retrospective account, so the detail is dynastic memory rather than contemporary record.
राजवंश: First Pandya empire. राजधानी: Madurai
Extended Pandya authority north and west against the Pallavas and the Gangas during the first empire's strongest phase.
राजवंश: First Pandya empire. राजधानी: Madurai
Brought the second Pandya empire to its widest extent and endowed heavily at Madurai and Chidambaram. The wealth of his Madurai is the thing foreign visitors of the next generation kept reporting on.
राजवंश: Second Pandya empire. राजधानी: Madurai
Commander and chief minister to Viswanatha Nayaka, and the man to whom the division of the Madurai country into seventy-two palayams is credited. The attribution is traditional in its detail, but the system itself is documented and governed the region for two and a half centuries.
राजवंश: Madurai Nayakas. राजधानी: Madurai
Between the Nayakas and the Company, authority in most of this region was not dynastic but tenurial. A palayakkarar held a defined tract, kept troops and a fort, policed the roads, took a share of the crop and remitted a kist upward. The office was hereditary in practice but revocable in principle, and the men who fought the Company in 1799 and 1801 were holders of it rather than kings. It was abolished as a military tenure between 1801 and 1803 and reissued as zamindari.
राजवंश: An office, not a dynasty. राजधानी: Seventy-two palayams across the Madurai country
Moved the capital back to Madurai and built there: the pillared palace of 1636, mandapas and a tank complex, and the arrangement of temple festivals around which the city's year is still organised.
राजवंश: Madurai Nayakas. राजधानी: Madurai
Governed as regent for her grandson through a difficult period of Mughal and Maratha pressure, choosing tribute over war, and is remembered in the region for road, tank and choultry works carried out under her administration.
राजवंश: Madurai Nayakas. राजधानी: Madurai and Tiruchirappalli
Sent from Vijayanagara as governor and left as the founder of a line that outlasted the empire that appointed it. He refortified Madurai and set up the palayam order that defined the region until 1801.
राजवंश: Madurai Nayakas. राजधानी: Madurai
Pandya Nadu का इतिहास — प्राचीन से मध्यकाल होते हुए आधुनिक काल तक, और वे शासक, सेनापति और प्रशासक जिन्होंने इसे गढ़ा। (8)