इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
Nicobar Islands · Island Realms
Nicobar needs a different treatment from a mainland region and the difference is worth saying outright. No dynasty ever ruled these islands and no king list exists to reconstruct. Authority here was distributed, not dynastic: property is held by the tuhet, the joint family, and not by individuals; decisions are taken in the village; and the office that colonial administrations dealt with was the village captain, chosen by the heads of the tuhets and issued a written warrant by an outside government rather than inheriting a chiefship. The rulers list below therefore carries offices and administrations, because that is what actually held authority. The written record is entirely external until the twentieth century - Sri Lankan chronicles, an Arabic sailing account, a Chola inscription, Marco Polo, then a Danish claim in 1756 that never became a working colony, an Austrian attempt in 1778, and a British annexation in 1869. The region's modern period therefore begins in 1869 rather than in 1757 or 1858, because that is the first year an administration was actually established over the group. Its ancient and medieval periods carry only what outsiders wrote down, and where the record stops, this stops.
कालक्रम यहाँ क्षेत्रीय है, राष्ट्रीय नहीं — मध्यकाल हर क्षेत्र में एक ही सदी से शुरू नहीं होता।
The Nicobarese speak Austroasiatic languages, the family of Khasi in the Meghalaya hills and Mundari on the Chota Nagpur plateau, and their material culture - the pile-built round house, the outrigger, pandanus as a staple, the pig as wealth - points to mainland and island Southeast Asia rather than to the subcontinent. How and when that connection was made is not recoverable from documents. What the documents give is a series of sightings: the islands were a known landfall on the Bay of Bengal-Malacca route, named in four languages by people who mostly did not land.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 3rd-5th century CE | Sri Lankan Buddhist chronicles refer to islands in this position under a name usually read as Naggadipa. |
| 9th century | A Persian and Arabic navigational account names the group Lanjabalus and describes islanders coming out in canoes to exchange coconuts and ambergris with passing ships. |
| c. 1050 CE | The Thanjavur inscription of Rajendra Chola I lists Ma-Nakkavaram among the places reached by his fleet on the campaign towards Srivijaya. The modern name Nicobar descends from this form. |
| late 13th century | Marco Polo's account carries the name Necuveran for the group, from report rather than from a landing. |
For seven centuries the Nicobars sat on a busy sea lane and were administered by nobody. Ships called for water, coconuts and pandanus and paid in iron, cloth and tobacco; iron was the standard of value and remained so into the nineteenth century. No mainland state established authority here, no tribute was collected and no fort was built. Internally the tuhet held the coconut palms and the pigs, feast-giving between villages carried obligation, and the pottery of Chowra circulated through the group under a monopoly the other islands accepted. The medieval record is thin and it is thin because it is somebody else's record.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 14th-17th century | Barter with passing shipping is recorded repeatedly - coconut, pandanus and ambergris exchanged for iron, cloth and tobacco, with iron as the measure of value. |
| 16th-17th century | Portuguese, Dutch, English and Danish vessels call at the Nancowry harbour for water and provisions; none establishes a post. |
| throughout | Authority remains with the tuhet and the village. No chiefship over the group, and no dynasty, is recorded by any observer of this period. |
The modern history of the Nicobars is a sequence of external claims, most of which failed. The Danish East India Company declared the group Danish property on 1 January 1756 and spent ninety years failing to hold it, chiefly to malaria; an Austrian venture in 1778 assumed the Danes had given up and was mistaken; Denmark abandoned the islands in 1848 and sold its rights to Britain in 1868. British administration from 1869 was thin and worked through village captains, and the deepest change of the period was not administrative but the mission and school work on Car Nicobar in the twentieth century, which gave the Nicobarese a written form of their own language. Then the occupation of 1942 to 1945, which is the islands' one experience of war.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| November 1754 - 1 January 1756 | Danish officials at Tranquebar resolve to colonise the group; settlers arrive in December 1755 and on 1 January 1756 the islands are declared Danish property under the name Frederiksoerne. |
| 1756-1848 | Repeated Danish settlement attempts, largely at Nancowry, fail through malaria; the islands are abandoned and reoccupied several times before final abandonment in 1848. Moravian missionaries posted there died in numbers. |
| 1778-1783 | William Bolts attempts an Austrian settlement in the Nancowry group on the assumption that Denmark had abandoned its claim. |
| 16 October 1868 | Denmark sells its rights in the Nicobars to Britain; formal British annexation follows in 1869 and the group is administered from Port Blair. |
| 1869 onward | The administration works through village captains and second captains, recognised by written warrant. A small station is maintained at Nancowry. Land, palms and pigs remain with the tuhet, and no revenue settlement of the mainland kind is attempted. |
| early 20th century | Anglican mission and school work on Car Nicobar; John Richardson, a Nicobarese catechist and later bishop, translates the New Testament into Nicobarese and establishes the island's schools, giving the language a written form. |
| 1942-1945 | Japanese occupation. An airfield is built on Car Nicobar and labour is requisitioned across the island in 1943; islanders are detained and interrogated on suspicion of signalling to Allied ships. Allied warships shell Japanese positions in 1945 and British administration returns in October. |
शासक और सेनापति
The unit that actually holds property and power. Coconut palms, pigs and house-ground belong to the tuhet in common rather than to individuals, and its senior members decide its affairs and choose the village captain. This is why there is no dynasty here to list - the holding unit is a family, and it does not have a throne.
राजधानी: Every Nicobarese village
An office, not a chiefship. The heads of the tuhets choose a captain, and outside administrations - Danish, then British - recognised him by written warrant and dealt with him as the village's spokesman. The colonial paper did not create the authority, and the authority did not descend by blood.
राजधानी: Each village
The deputy office, standing in for the captain and sharing the dealings with the administration and with traders. Its existence is the clearest sign that these are working village offices rather than honorific titles.
राजधानी: Each village
Declared the islands Danish on 1 January 1756 and never succeeded in holding them. Ninety years of attempted settlement produced no working administration, a great deal of mortality from malaria, and a legal claim that was eventually sold.
राजधानी: Tranquebar, with stations attempted at Nancowry
Attempted an Austrian trading settlement in the Nancowry group in the belief that the Danish claim had lapsed. The venture collapsed and the Danish claim was reasserted.
राजधानी: Nancowry
From 1872 the Nicobars were administered from a town in the Andamans, five hundred kilometres north across a channel that separates two unrelated language families. That arrangement is the origin of the joint administrative name the islands still carry.
राजधानी: Port Blair
Held the islands for three years, built an airfield on Car Nicobar, requisitioned labour and food, and conducted espionage investigations in which islanders were detained and interrogated.
राजधानी: Car Nicobar and the Nancowry group
Nicobar Islands का इतिहास — प्राचीन से मध्यकाल होते हुए आधुनिक काल तक, और वे शासक, सेनापति और प्रशासक जिन्होंने इसे गढ़ा। (7)