इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
Mewar · Arid Northwest
Mewar's periodisation is unusually simple for an odd reason: one lineage held the country from about the eighth century to 1947, so the region has no dynastic break to hang a period boundary on. Its medieval period therefore has to be dated by capitals rather than by rulers — Chittorgarh from the fourteenth century, Udaipur from 1559 — and it runs a very long time. The conventional early-modern marker of Mughal conquest does not apply here either: the settlement Amar Singh I reached with Jahangir in 1615 was a negotiated subordination in which the fort and the throne stayed with the Sisodias. The real break is 1818, when a state that had been paying tribute to Maratha and Pindari forces for two generations signed with the East India Company and became solvent, small and permanently supervised.
कालक्रम यहाँ क्षेत्रीय है, राष्ट्रीय नहीं — मध्यकाल हर क्षेत्र में एक ही सदी से शुरू नहीं होता।
The Berach and Banas valleys carry one of the best-documented chalcolithic sequences in India. The Ahar–Banas culture, named for the site on the edge of modern Udaipur and known also from Balathal and Gilund, ran from about 3000 to 1500 BCE on wheat and barley, made a black-and-red ware painted in white pigment, and worked Aravalli copper into axes and tools — the earliest instance of the pattern that defines the region, which is mineral wealth in hills that are otherwise hard to farm. Historic settlement concentrates around Nagari, ancient Madhyamika, north of Chittorgarh, where the Hathibada and Ghosundi inscriptions of the 2nd–1st century BCE record a walled enclosure built for Samkarshana and Vasudeva. They are among the oldest Sanskrit inscriptions in Brahmi anywhere, and the earliest hard evidence for the devotional tradition that this region is still organised around.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| c. 3000–1500 BCE | The Ahar–Banas chalcolithic culture occupies the Banas and Berach valleys; Ahar, Balathal and Gilund are its principal excavated sites, with copper working drawn from the Aravalli ores. |
| c. 2nd–1st century BCE | The Hathibada and Ghosundi inscriptions near Nagari record a stone enclosure raised for Samkarshana and Vasudeva by a king named Sarvatata, who also performed an ashvamedha. |
| c. 1st–5th century CE | Madhyamika (Nagari) functions as the principal town of the plateau, under successive northern powers. |
| 7th century | The Guhila line begins in the chronicles with Guhadatta; the early generations are known mainly from later genealogies rather than from contemporary record. |
Two things distinguish this period here from the same centuries anywhere else in the north-west. The first is continuity: the Guhilas and their Sisodia successors held the country without a change of ruling family, so the political history is a sequence of sieges and recoveries rather than of conquests. Chittorgarh was taken in 1303 by Alauddin Khalji, recovered by Hammir Singh from 1326, sacked by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat in 1535, and taken again by Akbar in 1567–68, after which the court operated from the hills and then, permanently, from Udaipur. The second is that the alliance terms other Rajput houses accepted in the 1560s were not accepted here until 1615, and then without the marriage clause. What that cost was territory and revenue; what it bought was the political identity the region still trades on. The rest of the period is construction — Kumbhalgarh and the Vijay Stambha in the fifteenth century, the lake capital in the sixteenth, Rajsamand and the Nathdwara temple economy in the seventeenth — and then, after about 1760, steady attrition under Maratha and Pindari demands for tribute.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 8th century | Bappa Rawal is placed at the head of the Guhila genealogy and associated with Chittor and with the shrine at Eklingji. The traditions around him are bardic and chronicle material rather than contemporary record, and the dates given for him vary. |
| 996–997 | The earliest known epigraph using the name Medapata, from which Mewar derives, is dated to this year. |
| 1303 | Alauddin Khalji besieges and takes Chittorgarh, ending Guhila rule at the fort. The Padmini episode attached to this siege comes from Malik Muhammad Jayasi's Padmavat, composed in 1540, and is a literary tradition rather than a record of the events. |
| 1326 | Hammir Singh re-establishes control of Chittorgarh and begins the Sisodia line. |
| 1433–1468 | Rana Kumbha's reign; Kumbhalgarh is built on the western scarp and the Vijay Stambha at Chittorgarh is completed in 1448. |
| 1527 | Rana Sanga is defeated at Khanwa by Babur; Mewar's expansion north of the Aravallis stops there. |
| 1535 | Bahadur Shah of Gujarat besieges and sacks Chittorgarh. |
| 1559 | Udai Singh II founds Udaipur in the Girwa basin, below a dam, as a capital that does not depend on holding one fort. The year is the conventional date and the move was gradual. |
| 1567–1568 | Akbar besieges and takes Chittorgarh; the fort is never reoccupied as a capital. |
| 18 June 1576 | The battle of Haldighati is fought in the pass north of Gogunda between Maharana Pratap's forces and a Mughal army under Man Singh of Amber. Pratap withdraws; the campaign continues in the hills. |
| 1582 | Mewar forces retake Dewair; over the following years most of the countryside outside the main forts returns to Pratap's control, and Chavand becomes his seat. |
| 1615 | Amar Singh I concludes terms with Prince Khurram on behalf of Jahangir. Mewar accepts Mughal suzerainty and military service, keeps Chittorgarh on condition it is not refortified, and is not required to give a daughter in marriage to the imperial house. |
| 1672 | The image of Shrinathji, moved from Vraja, is installed at Sinhad in Maharana Raj Singh I's territory; the town around it becomes Nathdwara. |
| 1676 | The Rajsamand dam north of Udaipur is completed; its embankment carries the Raj Prashasti, a Sanskrit inscription cut across twenty-five slabs and among the longest in India. |
The treaty of January 1818 stopped the tribute payments that had been draining the state since the 1760s, and the century that followed is one of consolidation rather than of politics: canal and lake works, the marble and later the cement economy on the Chittor plateau, a court painting workshop that kept working into the twentieth century, and a licensed opium trade. Anti-colonial politics as such barely appears, because there was no colonial administration to oppose; what appears instead, and earlier and more forcefully than almost anywhere else in princely India, is agrarian and adivasi protest against the state's own intermediaries. The Bijolia movement began in 1897 and ran, with interruptions, for over forty years. The Bhil movements of the Bhomat and of the Wagad edge were larger still in the numbers they moved, and were met with force in 1913 and again in the early 1920s.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 13 January 1818 | Mewar signs a treaty of alliance with the East India Company, ending Maratha and Pindari tribute demands and placing the state under British paramountcy. |
| 1841 | The Mewar Bhil Corps is raised, with its headquarters at Kherwara on the southern slope. |
| 1897 | Cultivators of the Bijolia jagir send a delegation to the Maharana over levies and forced labour; the inquiry that follows finds the levies arbitrary. The movement dates from here. |
| 17 November 1913 | Bhil and Banjara followers of Govind Guru gathered at Mangarh hill, on the Banswara–Sunth border at the region's southern edge, are fired on by Imperial Service Troops and the Mewar Bhil Corps. Casualty figures are disputed and no reliable count exists. |
| 1921–1922 | Motilal Tejawat's Eki movement spreads through the Bhomat — Kherwara, Kotra and Jhadol — with a refusal of revenue and begar; twenty-one demands are put to the Maharana, of whom eighteen are conceded and those on forest access, begar and hunting rights are refused. |
| February 1922 | The Bijolia agreement is signed, reducing several of the disputed levies. Complaints of breach resume by 1928 and the movement continues to 1941. |
| 1938 | The Mewar Praja Mandal is founded at Udaipur by Manikya Lal Verma, carrying the demand for responsible government in the state. |
| 1948–1949 | Udaipur accedes to India and is merged into the united state of Rajasthan. |
शासक और सेनापति
The figure at the head of the Guhila genealogy and the one to whom the dynasty's association with Eklingji is traced. What is known of him comes from later chronicles and bardic tradition rather than from contemporary inscriptions, and the dates assigned to him differ from account to account.
राजवंश: Guhila. राजधानी: Chittorgarh and Nagda
Recovered Chittorgarh after the siege of 1303 and founded the Sisodia branch that held Mewar for the next six centuries. The recovery, not the original foundation, is what the later dynasty dates itself from.
राजवंश: Sisodia. राजधानी: Chittorgarh
Built Kumbhalgarh on the western scarp and completed the Vijay Stambha at Chittorgarh in 1448. A patron and author of works on music and on the Gita Govinda; the fort-building programme of his reign is the largest in the region's history.
राजवंश: Sisodia. राजधानी: Chittorgarh
Extended Mewar's reach across eastern Rajasthan and into Malwa through the 1510s and 1520s. Defeated at Khanwa in 1527 by Babur, after which the state's expansion north of the Aravallis ended for good.
राजवंश: Sisodia. राजधानी: Chittorgarh
Founded Udaipur in the Girwa basin from 1559, building the capital around a dammed lake rather than around a fort. The decision is what allowed the state to survive the loss of Chittorgarh eight years later.
राजवंश: Sisodia. राजधानी: Chittorgarh, then Udaipur
Fought the Mughal army at Haldighati in June 1576 and withdrew, then conducted a hill campaign that recovered Dewair in 1582 and most of the open country over the following decade. He moved his seat to Chavand and did not retake Chittorgarh.
राजवंश: Sisodia. राजधानी: Gogunda, Kumbhalgarh, then Chavand
Minister and treasurer to Maharana Pratap, from a Kavadia Oswal family that had served the court for generations. The account of his placing his private wealth at Pratap's disposal to refinance the hill campaign is chronicle tradition rather than documented accounting, though his office and service are not in doubt.
राजवंश: Mewar under the Sisodias. राजधानी: Chavand
Built the Rajsamand dam, completed in 1676 and inscribed with the Raj Prashasti, and received the image of Shrinathji in 1672 at the site that became Nathdwara — the decision that gave the region its largest continuing temple economy.
राजवंश: Sisodia. राजधानी: Udaipur
Mewar का इतिहास — प्राचीन से मध्यकाल होते हुए आधुनिक काल तक, और वे शासक, सेनापति और प्रशासक जिन्होंने इसे गढ़ा। (8)