इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
Magadh · Middle & Lower Gangetic Plain
Magadh is the one region in India whose ancient period is not its background but its main event. Between roughly 600 BCE and 1200 CE the country between the Sone and the Kiul held the capital of four successive imperial dynasties and the founding sites of two religions, and almost none of it is standing. Its medieval period begins abruptly around 1200, when the monastic economy that had organised the plain for five centuries stopped functioning; the Sultanate governorship that replaced it sat at Bihar Sharif, and the province took its permanent name, Bihar, from the vihara it had displaced. The modern period begins in 1764-65, when the Diwani turned the country into a revenue territory administered from elsewhere, and Patna, an imperial capital on and off for a thousand years, became a district town for the next hundred and fifty.
कालक्रम यहाँ क्षेत्रीय है, राष्ट्रीय नहीं — मध्यकाल हर क्षेत्र में एक ही सदी से शुरू नहीं होता।
Magadha's advantage was physical before it was political: iron from the southern hills, elephant country on the plateau edge, a defensible hill-ringed capital at Rajagriha, and then a river capital at Pataliputra sited near the meeting of the Sone, the Gandak and the Ganga, which let one power tax the traffic of the whole eastern plain. Four dynasties ruled from that ground in succession - Haryanka, Nanda, Maurya and, centuries later, Gupta - and the two renunciant traditions that reshaped Indian religion both took their decisive form within a hundred kilometres of the same stretch of river. The monasteries that followed were not incidental to this: Nalanda, Odantapuri and their endowed estates organised land, labour and learning across the plain until the end of the twelfth century, and the Chinese monk Xuanzang, who studied at Nalanda between 637 and 642, left the fullest surviving description of how it worked.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| c. 6th century BCE | Magadha is one of the sixteen mahajanapadas, ruled from Rajagriha (Rajgir) by Bimbisara of the Haryanka line. |
| c. 5th century BCE | Tradition places the Buddha's enlightenment at Uruvela (Bodh Gaya) and Mahavira's death at Pava (Pawapuri) in this country. The absolute dates of both are disputed among scholars. |
| c. 5th century BCE | Ajatashatru fortifies Pataligrama on the Ganga; his successor Udayin moves the capital there, and it becomes Pataliputra. |
| 321 BCE | Chandragupta Maurya takes Pataliputra from the Nandas and rules the subcontinent's first large empire from it. |
| 3rd century BCE | Under Ashoka and his successor Dasharatha the Barabar and Nagarjuni caves are cut into granite and granted to Ajivika ascetics - the oldest surviving rock-cut sanctuaries in India, and the place the Mauryan mirror polish survives best. |
| 5th century CE | The Nalanda mahavihara is founded under Gupta patronage, traditionally credited to Kumaragupta I. |
| 1193-1203 | Bakhtiyar Khalji's forces move through the plain; Odantapuri and Nalanda cease to function as institutions. |
With the monasteries gone the plain lost its organising institution and became what it would remain for five hundred years: a revenue province governed from somewhere else. The Sultanate seat at Bihar Sharif gave the province its name, and the Firdausi Sufi lineage established there gave it a shrine circuit that still draws pilgrims. Under the Mughals, Patna was a river port and a trading city rather than a capital - saltpetre, opium and cloth moved downstream from it - and because it sat where the Ganga route from Bengal met the road west, it was the first place upriver at which the Nawabi and the East India Company collided.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| c. 1200 | Bihar Sharif becomes the seat of a Sultanate governorship; the province takes its name from the word vihara. |
| 1263-1381 | The life of Sharfuddin Ahmad Yahya Maneri, the Firdausi shaikh whose shrine at Bihar Sharif is still the region's principal Sufi centre. |
| 1574 | Akbar's forces take Bihar from Daud Khan Karrani; Patna becomes the seat of a Mughal subah. |
| 1666 | Guru Gobind Singh is born at Patna; the site is one of the five takhts of the Sikh tradition. |
| 1704 | Prince Azim-us-Shan, subahdar of Bihar, renames Patna Azimabad after himself. |
| 1763 | Mir Qasim's forces and the East India Company fight for control of Patna; the Company's captive officials in the city are killed in October of that year. |
| 1764 | The defeat at Buxar, on the western edge of the region, ends the independent Nawabi and opens the province to Company revenue administration. |
Company rule made Magadh an agricultural and extractive district. The opium agency at Gulzarbagh in Patna processed the eastern crop for the China trade; the Permanent Settlement of 1793 fixed a landlord class between the cultivator and the state; and Patna was a district headquarters rather than a capital until 1912, when the separation of Bihar and Orissa from Bengal restored it to that role after a century and a half. The politics that followed ran on two tracks that rarely met - a lawyer-led Congress operating out of Patna, and a tenant movement organised from an ashram at Bihta that treated the zamindar rather than the Government as its opponent.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1765 | The Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa passes to the East India Company; Magadh becomes a revenue territory administered from Murshidabad and then Calcutta. |
| 1793 | The Permanent Settlement fixes the revenue demand and creates the zamindari structure that shapes rural Magadh into the twentieth century. |
| 1857 | Peer Ali Khan and others are hanged at Patna on 7 July; the sepoys at Danapur, west of the city, mutiny on 25 July and cross the Sone to join Kunwar Singh in Bhojpur. |
| 1 April 1912 | Bihar and Orissa are separated from Bengal as a province with Patna as capital; a new capital area and the High Court are built there over the following decade. |
| December 1922 | The Indian National Congress holds its annual session at Gaya under Chittaranjan Das; the disagreement over entering the legislative councils leads to the formation of the Swaraj Party in January 1923. |
| 15 January 1934 | An earthquake of about magnitude 8, centred in eastern Nepal, destroys much of Munger and Muzaffarpur and damages Patna; roughly 7,250 deaths are recorded in Bihar. |
| 11 August 1942 | Seven students are shot dead outside the Patna Secretariat while attempting to raise the flag during the Quit India movement. |
शासक और सेनापति
Ruled from the hill-ringed valley at Rajgir and enlarged Magadha by marriage alliance and by the annexation of Anga to the east, which gave the kingdom the Ganga port at Champa. Both the Buddhist and the Jain canons place him as a contemporary and patron of their founders.
राजवंश: Haryanka. राजधानी: Rajagriha
Fought the long campaign against the Vajji confederacy across the Ganga and fortified Pataligrama on the river as a forward post against it. That fort became Pataliputra, and the decision to move the seat from a hill valley to a river junction set the geography of Indian empire for the next eight hundred years.
राजवंश: Haryanka. राजधानी: Rajagriha, then Pataligrama
Founded the Nanda line and, by the account of later Puranic and Greek sources, assembled the treasury and the standing army that Chandragupta Maurya inherited by taking the throne from his successor.
राजवंश: Nanda. राजधानी: Pataliputra
Took Pataliputra from the Nandas and built from it the first empire to reach across northern India, concluding a treaty with Seleucus Nicator around 303 BCE. Megasthenes, sent as an envoy to his court, left the earliest outside account of the city.
राजवंश: Maurya. राजधानी: Pataliputra
Traditionally identified as Chandragupta's minister and as the author or nucleus of the Arthashastra, the manual of statecraft, revenue and espionage that survives from this milieu. The identification of the author with the historical minister is traditional rather than proven.
राजवंश: Maurya. राजधानी: Pataliputra
Issued the rock and pillar edicts, the earliest deciphered Indian writing to survive in quantity, and granted the Barabar caves to Ajivika ascetics. His endowments in this region made Bodh Gaya and the Magadhan monasteries into institutions rather than sites.
राजवंश: Maurya. राजधानी: Pataliputra
The founding of the Nalanda mahavihara is traditionally credited to his reign. Under Gupta patronage the Magadhan monasteries acquired the landed endowments that let them run as teaching institutions for the next seven hundred years.
राजवंश: Gupta. राजधानी: Pataliputra
Mughal governor of Bihar and Bengal, and a grandson of Aurangzeb. He renamed Patna as Azimabad in 1704 and built up its river trade in saltpetre and cloth; the name stayed in official use long after his line lost the province.
राजवंश: Mughal. राजधानी: Patna
Magadh का इतिहास — प्राचीन से मध्यकाल होते हुए आधुनिक काल तक, और वे शासक, सेनापति और प्रशासक जिन्होंने इसे गढ़ा। (8)