इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
Kumaon · Western Himalaya & Trans-Himalaya
Kumaon's periodisation is unusually clean because two dynasties held the same hills for a very long time and the transitions between them are visible in stone. Its medieval period begins around the seventh century with Katyuri authority at Kartikeyapura and runs, through the Chands of Champawat and then Almora, to 1790. Its modern period begins in 1790, when Gorkha forces took Almora and ended eight centuries of local rule, and not in 1857 - the revolt touched the bhabar but barely reached the hills. The other date that shapes everything after 1815 is administrative rather than dynastic: the British annexed Kumaon outright rather than restoring a raja, so unlike Tehri Garhwal next door there was no princely state here, and the quarrel of the twentieth century was directly with the colonial forest and revenue departments. That is why Kumaon's two great movements - the refusal of unpaid porterage in 1921 and the forest campaign that ran alongside it - were fought over rights of use rather than over a throne.
कालक्रम यहाँ क्षेत्रीय है, राष्ट्रीय नहीं — मध्यकाल हर क्षेत्र में एक ही सदी से शुरू नहीं होता।
The oldest human record in these hills is painted rather than written: the rock shelters at Lakhu Udyar on the Suyal river near Almora carry figures in red and black ochre of a prehistoric date. For the historical period the evidence is mostly numismatic. Kuninda coinage, struck by a people of the Yamuna-Sutlej-Ganga foothills, circulates from roughly the second century BCE, and it is the earliest sign of an organised polity anywhere in this belt. Between that and the seventh century the hills are thinly documented and were never securely held by any plains empire; what was continuous was not administration but the trans-Himalayan trade over the Unta Dhura, Lipulekh and Darma passes, carried by the Shauka and Rung communities of the Johar, Darma, Byans and Chaudans valleys. The derivation of Kumaon from Kurmanchal, the hill of the tortoise incarnation, is a traditional etymology tied to Kanar Devi near Champawat rather than a documented one.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| prehistory | Rock shelter paintings in ochre at Lakhu Udyar, on the Suyal near Almora - the oldest surviving human record in the region. |
| c. 2nd century BCE – 3rd century CE | Kuninda coinage circulates through the bhabar and the lower hills. |
| c. 4th–6th centuries | No polity in the hills is securely attested; plains empires claimed the foothills at most, and the interior ridges are effectively undocumented. |
| long-established, undatable | Trans-Himalayan trade over the Unta Dhura, Lipulekh and Darma passes, carried by Shauka and Rung families of the inner valleys, who wintered low and summered high on a fixed annual cycle. |
| c. 7th century | Katyuri authority emerges, seated at Kartikeyapura in the Gomati valley near Baijnath, with an earlier association with Joshimath. |
Two dynasties and a very long habit of building in stone. The Katyuris held the central Kumaon hills into the eleventh century and left the temple clusters that are still the region's signature - some hundred and twenty-odd shrines in the deodar grove at Jageshwar, the Baijnath group on the Gomati, the sun temple at Katarmal. After the eleventh century the kingdom broke into branch lines at Askot, Doti, Baramandal, Dwarahat, Baijnath and Sui. The Chands rose out of that fragmentation from a seat at Rajbunga in Champawat, spent three centuries reducing the branches, and in 1563 moved the capital to a ridge at Almora, which is where the region's urban culture - the aipan-painted doorway, the Nanda Devi cult as a tutelary establishment, the Kumaoni of the court and the bazaar - actually took shape. Their high point under Baz Bahadur Chand pushed the boundary east to the Kali and briefly south into the Doon; their decline in the eighteenth century was internal, and the Gorkha army that arrived in 1790 met a divided kingdom.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| c. 7th–11th centuries | Katyuri rule from Kartikeyapura; the stone temple groups at Jageshwar, Baijnath, Bageshwar, Dwarahat and Katarmal are built or begun in this period. |
| after the 11th century | The Katyuri kingdom fragments into branch chiefships at Askot, Doti, Baramandal, Dwarahat, Baijnath and Sui. |
| traditionally 700 CE; historians generally c. 1019–1021 | Som Chand founds the Chand line at Rajbunga in Champawat. The traditional date comes from the dynasty's own genealogy; the historical dating is two to three centuries later and the question is not settled. |
| 1437–1450 | Bharati Chand campaigns east against Doti, beginning the Chand expansion out of the Kali valley. |
| 1563 | Balo Kalyan Chand moves the capital from Champawat to the ridge at Almora, then named Alam Nagar. |
| 1568–1597 | Rudra Chand campaigns against Garhwal and attends the Mughal court at Lahore; the Akbarnama names him among the great landholders of India, which is the first time Kumaon appears in an imperial record. |
| 1638–1678 | Baz Bahadur Chand extends the kingdom east to the Kali and briefly into the Doon; the strongest reign of the dynasty. |
| 1743–1744 | Rohilla forces under Ali Muhammad Khan raid Almora during a period of disputed succession, and withdraw after a payment. The episode is recorded in the Kumaoni chronicles. |
| 1790 | Gorkha forces take Almora; Mahendra Chand is driven out and the Chand kingdom ends after some eight centuries of Katyuri and Chand rule. |
Twenty-five years of Gorkha administration ended in April 1815, when the British took Almora during the Anglo-Nepalese war, and Kumaon was annexed rather than restored. What followed was administration on a scale the hills had never seen. George William Traill spent nearly twenty years fixing land records and assessments; his settlements defined hill tenure for a century. The bhabar, malarial and thinly settled, was opened for cultivation; the inner valleys kept their trans-Himalayan trade, and Shauka men from Johar, trained as surveyors, mapped Tibet for the Survey of India through the 1860s and 1870s. The change that mattered most to ordinary households, though, was the reservation of forest. Grazing, leaf-fodder and fuel taken from common woodland is what makes hill agriculture work, and when the forest department restricted it, villagers set the hills alight - some 395 recorded fires across roughly 246,000 acres in 1921 alone - and refused the unpaid porterage owed to touring officials in the same year. Both campaigns worked, which is rare, and produced elected village forest councils by 1931.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| April 1815 | British forces take Almora during the Anglo-Nepalese war; Gorkha administration of Kumaon ends and the region is annexed rather than restored to a raja. |
| 1816–1835 | George William Traill, Commissioner of Kumaon, carries out the first revenue settlements and the earliest systematic statistical account of the hills. |
| 1857 | The revolt touches the foothills rather than the interior; sepoys and rebels hold Haldwani in the bhabar in September 1857. Kalu Singh Mahara of Bisung, near Lohaghat, is remembered as the leader of a rising in the Kali valley, though the surviving detail is thin. |
| 1865–1875 | Nain Singh Rawat and other Shauka surveyors of Johar carry out clandestine route surveys of Tibet for the Survey of India, pacing distances on rosaries and recording them in prayer wheels. |
| 1916 | The Kumaon Parishad is founded at Almora, the first political organisation in these hills, formed to press grievances over forest access and forced labour. |
| 1916–1921 | A sustained forest campaign; villagers set hundreds of fires in reserved forest, 395 of them across some 246,000 acres in 1921, forcing the appointment of the Kumaon Forest Grievances Committee. |
| 14 January 1921 | At the Uttarayani fair at Bageshwar, a very large gathering swears at the Saryu to refuse coolie-begar, coolie-utar and coolie-burdayash, and the village headmen throw the labour registers into the river. |
| 25 May 1930 | Women led by Bishni Devi Shah raise the national flag at the Almora Nagar Palika after a procession is stopped; arrests follow. |
| 1931 | The Forest Council Rules establish elected van panchayats to manage village forest, the direct outcome of the 1921 campaign. |
शासक और सेनापति
Named in the Katyuri genealogies as the founder of the line. The dynasty's dates are reconstructed from inscriptions and copperplates and are not firm, but the temple building that begins under it is the origin of everything Kumaon is known for architecturally.
राजवंश: Katyuri. राजधानी: Kartikeyapura (Baijnath)
Founder of the Chand line at Champawat. The two datings differ by three centuries; the traditional one comes from the dynasty's own genealogy and the later one from inscriptional evidence.
राजवंश: Chand. राजधानी: Rajbunga, Champawat
Campaigned east against Doti across the Kali, the first Chand ruler to push the kingdom beyond its valley and the beginning of the expansion that would take three more centuries to complete.
राजवंश: Chand. राजधानी: Champawat
Moved the capital from Champawat to the ridge at Almora in 1563. It is the decisive move in the region's cultural history: the town that resulted became the centre of Kumaoni language, painting, temple patronage and, three and a half centuries later, of its politics.
राजवंश: Chand. राजधानी: Champawat, then Almora
Campaigned against Garhwal and attended the Mughal court at Lahore. The Akbarnama's notice of him is the first appearance of a Kumaoni ruler in an imperial record.
राजवंश: Chand. राजधानी: Almora
The strongest ruler of the dynasty, extending the kingdom east to the Kali and, for a period, south into the Doon. The Nanda Devi establishment at Almora and much of the town's temple fabric belong to this era.
राजवंश: Chand. राजधानी: Almora
The last Chand ruler of Kumaon, driven out when Gorkha forces took Almora in 1790. The kingdom he lost had been ruled from these hills, under one line or another, for roughly eight hundred years.
राजवंश: Chand. राजधानी: Almora
Made the first British revenue settlements of Kumaon and Garhwal and compiled the earliest systematic statistical accounts of the hills. His records fixed hill land tenure for a century, and the pass he crossed above the Pindari glacier still carries his name.
राजवंश: East India Company administration. राजधानी: Almora
Kumaon का इतिहास — प्राचीन से मध्यकाल होते हुए आधुनिक काल तक, और वे शासक, सेनापति और प्रशासक जिन्होंने इसे गढ़ा। (8)