इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
Kullu & Mandi · Western Himalaya & Trans-Himalaya
Two things make this region's periodisation its own. The first is that in the middle of the seventeenth century the Kullu state changed its theory of authority: from about 1651 the image of Raghunath brought to Sultanpur was treated as the sovereign of Kullu and the raja ruled as its deputy, which is why the state's chief festival is a gathering of deities and not a durbar, and why village devtas retained land, treasuries and a voice in decisions long after rajas stopped having any. No national periodisation has a slot for that. The second is that in 1846 this single cultural region was cut in two administratively and stayed cut for a century: Kullu was annexed outright and administered as a subdivision of Kangra district in British Punjab, while Mandi and Suket continued as princely states under British protection until 1948. So the modern period here has two different shapes at once. In Kullu it looks like district India — a rising in 1857, a settlement officer, Congress politics. In Mandi it looks like princely India — an agitation in 1909 against the wazir's administration and forced labour, a Ghadar-linked conspiracy in 1914, a praja mandal in 1936, and an ending in 1948 rather than 1947.
कालक्रम यहाँ क्षेत्रीय है, राष्ट्रीय नहीं — मध्यकाल हर क्षेत्र में एक ही सदी से शुरू नहीं होता।
The trench was a named country long before it was a state anyone can date. Coins struck in the first or second century CE in the name of Virayasas, king of Kuluta, are the earliest firm evidence, and the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang describes the country of Kiu-lu-to in the seventh century as a mountain-ringed place with a Buddhist as well as a Brahmanical presence. What survives on the ground is temple work: the stone shikhara at Bajaura on the valley floor, of about the ninth century, and the beginning of the timber-bonded stone architecture of the Seraj uplands, where deodar and stone are laid in alternating courses so a building can flex in an earthquake. The Kullu dynasty's own account, that a Pal from the plains founded the line at Jagatsukh in the early centuries CE, is dynastic tradition and cannot be dated.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| c. 1st–2nd century CE | Coins are struck in the name of Virayasas, king of Kuluta, the earliest firm evidence of a state in the Beas trench. |
| traditional | The Kullu line traces itself to Behangamani Pal, said to have come from the plains and established himself at Jagatsukh. The account is dynastic tradition, not record. |
| c. 635 CE | Xuanzang describes the country of Kiu-lu-to, ringed by mountains and holding both Buddhist and Brahmanical establishments. |
| c. 9th century | The Basheshar Mahadev temple at Bajaura is built in stone on the valley floor, the region's oldest substantial standing shrine. |
| c. 8th–12th century | The timber-bonded stone and pent-roof temple tradition of the Seraj uplands takes the form it still has, in a country with deodar but no lime. |
Two dynasties shared the region and rarely shared anything else. The Sen line held the lower basin; by its own tradition a quarrel in the older state of Suket sent Bahu Sen away with his followers, and his descendants built up the separate state that Ajbar Sen finally seated at Mandi in 1526, laying out the town on the left bank of the Beas with the Bhutnath temple at its centre. Upstream the Pal rajas of Kullu moved their seat down the valley from Jagatsukh to Naggar and then, under Jagat Singh, to Sultanpur. Jagat Singh's reign is the region's hinge: by the story told in Kullu, a Brahmin of Tipri died with his family rather than surrender pearls he did not have, and the raja, seeking expiation, had an image of Raghunath brought from Ayodhya and installed at Sultanpur around 1651, thereafter ruling as the deity's deputy. The narrative details are tradition; the installation and the constitutional consequence are not. Under Man Singh, Kullu reached its greatest extent, taking in Lahaul, Spiti and Bara Bhangal, while Mandi under Sidh Sen did the same below. Both states then paid tribute to the Gurkhas after 1806 and to Lahore after 1815, until the Anglo-Sikh war settled the question for them.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| traditional, c. 11th–13th century | Bahu Sen leaves Suket after a dispute in the ruling family; his descendants establish the line that becomes the Mandi state. The dating of the split varies between accounts. |
| 1526 | Ajbar Sen founds Mandi town on the left bank of the Beas and makes it the state's capital; the Bhutnath temple is built there in the following year. |
| 1637–1672 | Jagat Singh of Kullu moves the seat to Sultanpur and, about 1651, installs the image of Raghunath as the state's sovereign, ruling in its name. |
| 1684–1727 | Sidh Sen extends and fortifies Mandi; the Shivratri gathering of the region's deities at Mandi is traced in local accounts to his reign. |
| 1688–1719 | Man Singh brings Kullu to its greatest extent, holding Lahaul, Spiti and Bara Bhangal. |
| 1806–1815 | The Gurkha advance forces tribute from the hill states until the Anglo-Nepal war removes them; Lahore's overlordship follows. |
| 1840 | Kullu and Mandi are brought firmly under Lahore's control; the Raja of Mandi is detained and the states lose what independence they had kept. |
The settlement after the First Anglo-Sikh War treated the two halves of the region differently and set their histories apart for the next hundred years. Kullu was annexed and attached to Kangra district in British Punjab, its raja left with the Rupi estate; Mandi and Suket were confirmed as princely states under British protection. In Kullu that meant a settlement officer, a forest department that took the deodar, a rising in 1857 that was put down and its leaders hanged at Dharamshala, and — from the 1870s, when European settlers put in the first orchards — an apple crop that within two generations rebuilt the rural economy more thoroughly than any administration did. In Mandi it meant the politics of a princely state: an agitation in 1909 against the wazir's administration and the begar demand, a Ghadar-linked conspiracy uncovered in 1915 whose participants received long sentences, a praja mandal from 1936, and a conference of hill-state representatives at Mandi in March 1946. Both states merged into the newly formed Himachal Pradesh on 15 April 1948.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1846 | Kullu is annexed and administered as part of Kangra district in British Punjab; Mandi and Suket continue as princely states under British protection. |
| 3 August 1857 | Pratap Singh, who attempted a rising in Kullu with support from the Seraj country, is hanged at Dharamshala with his companion Vir Singh. |
| 1870s onward | The first apple orchards are planted in the Kullu valley by European settlers; the crop becomes the valley's economic base within two generations. |
| 1909 | A movement in Mandi against the administration of the state's wazir and against forced labour is led by Shobha Ram of Sarkaghat and suppressed. |
| 1914–1915 | Meetings in Mandi and Suket linked to the Ghadar party plan attacks on the state's officials and treasury; the plan fails, a robbery at Nagchala is carried out, and the participants receive long sentences. |
| 1936 | The Mandi Praja Mandal is formed, among the earliest in the hill states, and works under heavy restriction. |
| 15 April 1948 | Mandi and Suket merge into the newly formed Himachal Pradesh, following the satyagraha at Suket in February of that year. |
शासक और सेनापति
The founder of the Kullu line in its own tradition, said to have come from the plains and established himself at Jagatsukh at the head of the valley. The account is dynastic tradition and cannot be dated from any independent source.
राजवंश: Pal of Kullu. राजधानी: Jagatsukh
Moved the seat to Sultanpur and, about 1651, installed an image of Raghunath brought from Ayodhya and declared it the sovereign of Kullu, ruling in its name. The story of the Brahmin of Tipri that explains the act is tradition; the arrangement it produced is why Kullu Dussehra is a gathering of deities rather than a state ceremony.
राजवंश: Pal of Kullu. राजधानी: Sultanpur
Brought Kullu to its widest extent, holding Lahaul, Spiti and Bara Bhangal, and secured the passes that carried the wool and salt trade off the Tibetan plateau.
राजवंश: Pal of Kullu. राजधानी: Sultanpur
By the Sen tradition he left Suket after a quarrel over the succession, and his descendants built the separate state that became Mandi. The story is the founding account of the Mandi line; its dating varies between versions.
राजवंश: Sen. राजधानी: Left Suket
Founded Mandi town on the left bank of the Beas in 1526, laying it out around the Bhutnath temple built the following year, and gave the state the capital and the market that its name records.
राजवंश: Sen of Mandi. राजधानी: Mandi
The state's most powerful ruler, who extended its territory and fortified the capital. Local accounts trace to his reign the practice of summoning the region's deities to Mandi at Shivratri, which is the origin of the fair the town still holds; the tradition credits him with occult powers, which is tradition and not record.
राजवंश: Sen of Mandi. राजधानी: Mandi
Attempted a rising in Kullu in 1857 with support from the Seraj country east of the Beas, a decade after the annexation had removed his family from power. He was captured, tried and hanged at Dharamshala on 3 August 1857.
राजवंश: Pal of Kullu. राजधानी: Kullu
The minister whose administration of Mandi — the revenue demand, the handling of crop failure and the enforcement of begar — provoked the agitation of 1909, the first organised political action in the state.
राजवंश: Mandi state administration. राजधानी: Mandi
Kullu & Mandi का इतिहास — प्राचीन से मध्यकाल होते हुए आधुनिक काल तक, और वे शासक, सेनापति और प्रशासक जिन्होंने इसे गढ़ा। (8)