इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
Koraput–Kalahandi Uplands · Central Highlands & Forest Belt
These uplands have no dynastic history of their own, and that is the finding rather than a gap in the record. Outside powers named the tract before they governed it — Mahakantara, the great forest — and for most of two thousand years authority above about seven hundred metres was held by village and clan office: the mutha and its head, the gauntia in the settled valleys, the jani or beju in ritual matters. Kingship belongs to the margins. The Nalas at Pushkari, the Nagas of Kalahandi, the Chauhans at Patnagarh and the Nandapur–Jeypore line all sat where the plateau falls away, drew tribute and forest produce from the highland, and did not administer it. So the region's medieval period begins in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries when those lowland lines formed, and its modern period is split: 1803 for the lowland estates and the princely states, but the highland was not administered in any continuous way until the agency arrangements of the mid-nineteenth century, and Koraput became a district only in 1936.
कालक्रम यहाँ क्षेत्रीय है, राष्ट्रीय नहीं — मध्यकाल हर क्षेत्र में एक ही सदी से शुरू नहीं होता।
The upland has a long occupation record and a short written one. Rock shelters in the Kalahandi hills carry painting; a fortified early historic settlement at Asurgarh in the Tel basin shows a town with ramparts, a moat and long-distance trade goods well before any dynasty is named here. The first written notice of the tract is from outside it, in an imperial inscription that lists it among the forest countries campaigned through on the way south. When a dynasty finally appears — the Nalas, in the fifth and sixth centuries — it rules from the plateau's western edge and is known mainly from coins, a ruined temple site and the claims of its enemies.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| prehistory | Rock shelters at Gudahandi and Yogimatha in the Kalahandi hills carry painted panels, the oldest human record in the region. |
| c. 1st millennium BCE – early centuries CE | Asurgarh, near Narla in the Tel basin, is occupied as a fortified settlement with rampart, moat and evidence of trade — the only early urban site so far excavated in the uplands. |
| mid-4th century CE | A king named Vyaghraraja of Mahakantara appears in the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta among the rulers of the forest country of the south. Mahakantara is generally located in this upland, though not to a precise seat. |
| 5th–6th century | The Nala dynasty rules from Pushkari, with remains at Podagarh in the Nabarangpur country. Its rulers Arthapati, Bhavadatta-varman and Skandavarman are known from inscriptions and coins. |
| 6th century | The Nalas are broken by their neighbours; an Aihole inscription credits the Chalukya king Kirtivarman I with their destruction, and the Panduvamshis take the western ground. |
Between the eleventh and the fifteenth centuries a ring of small dynasties formed around the plateau's rim — the Nagas at Kalahandi from about 1005, the Chhindaka Nagas at Chakrakota to the west, the Chauhans at Patnagarh from 1360, and the Nandapur line that became the Jeypore state. Each of them lived off the same arrangement: tribute and forest produce collected through hill intermediaries, and a fort at the ghat head to hold the pack route. None of them tried to settle the highland, and the highland kept its own arrangements. From the later sixteenth century the whole ring became tributary in turn to the Gajapatis, to Golconda, and to whichever power held the Circars.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| c. 1005 | The Naga dynasty establishes itself at Kalahandi, the longest continuous ruling line in the region. |
| 1023–1324 | The Chhindaka Nagas hold Chakrakota mandala from Barsur and Chakrakota, a territory that took in the western Koraput and Kalahandi uplands as well as Bastar. |
| 1360 | Ramai Deva founds the Chauhan line at Patnagarh in the Tel and Ang lowland, displacing an arrangement of eight independent gauntia chiefships. The account comes from later chronicles and carries a founding legend about a tiger hunt, which is tradition rather than record. |
| 1443–1476 | Vinayak Dev rules at Nandapur on the Koraput plateau; the line that becomes the Jeypore state is established, at times as a feudatory of the Gajapatis. |
| 16th century | Vishwanath Dev Gajapati extends the Nandapur state south and east and builds temples on the Nagavali; the capital later moves to Rayagada. |
| mid-17th century | Veer Vikram Dev moves the capital from Nandapur down to Jeypore, where it remained; the state's centre shifts off the high plateau to the plateau's edge. |
| 1775 | A British force attacks Jeypore and destroys the fort after Vikram Dev I resists the extension of Company authority into the hills. |
In the nineteenth century the region was divided by an accident of administration that still shapes it: the Jeypore estate and the Koraput plateau were dealt with from Madras, while Kalahandi, Patna and Bolangir were feudatory states under a separate agency. Neither administration reached the hill villages for decades. What did reach them, from the 1840s, were the agency officers sent into the Kondh country and, later, forest rules, contractors and moneylenders following the new roads. Famine in 1866 and again at the turn of the century fell hardest on precisely the tracts with the thinnest administration. National politics arrived very late — there was effectively no Congress organisation on the plateau before about 1929 — and when it came it was built among cultivators rather than in towns, which is why the largest events of 1942 happened at police stations in villages.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1803 | The Jeypore estate is settled under British arrangements at a fixed tribute and administered through the Madras Presidency; Kalahandi and Patna continue as feudatory states. |
| 1840s–1850s | Agency operations against the meriah rite extend from Ghumsur into the Kalahandi hills. Resistance under Chakra Bisoi crosses the Ghumsur, Kandhamal and Kalahandi borders through this decade. |
| 1866 and 1899–1900 | Famine strikes the uplands twice within a generation; the highland tracts, furthest from road and rail, recorded the heaviest mortality and the largest permanent out-migration. |
| 1929 | Congress enrolment begins on the Koraput plateau, largely through Radhakrushna Biswasray, who had resigned government service. |
| 1936–1938 | Koraput becomes a district of the new province of Orissa in 1936; a training camp for tribal and scheduled caste workers is held at Nuaput near Jeypore in December 1937, and by October 1938 the district had enrolled more than fifty thousand Congress members. |
| August 1942 | Quit India reaches the plateau. Laxman Nayak led a march to the police station at Mathili on 21 August; police fired on the crowd, with heavy loss of life. A firing at Papadahandi in the Nabarangpur country later the same month killed a large number of demonstrators. |
| 1 January 1948 | Kalahandi, Patna and the neighbouring highland states acceded to the Indian Union. |
शासक और सेनापति
Known from a single line in Samudragupta's Allahabad pillar inscription, which lists him among the rulers of the forest country. No seat, no coin and no inscription of his own survives; he is the first named authority in the uplands and almost nothing else about him is recoverable.
The best-attested of the Nala kings, known from inscriptions and from a coin hoard. The dynasty pushed north-west into Vidarbha and was broken in the reaction that followed.
राजवंश: Nala. राजधानी: Pushkari
The strongest ruler of the Chakrakota line, whose inscriptions claim campaigns in every direction. He was defeated by the Kalachuri king Jajalladeva I in 1114, after which the line held only the core of the plateau.
राजवंश: Chhindaka Naga. राजधानी: Chakrakota and Barsur
Founded the Chauhan line in the Tel and Ang lowland, replacing an arrangement in which eight gauntia chiefships held the country between them. The change from gauntia oligarchy to a single raja is the clearest instance in the region of dynastic rule displacing distributed authority.
राजवंश: Chauhan of Patna. राजधानी: Patnagarh
Established the line that became the Jeypore state, holding the Koraput plateau from a seat high on it. It is the only long-lived kingdom to have had its capital on the highland itself rather than below it.
राजवंश: Nandapur (later Jeypore) line. राजधानी: Nandapur
Extended the state down the Nagavali and built the temples that mark its southern reach. Under his successors the capital moved to Rayagada and then, in the seventeenth century, off the plateau to Jeypore.
राजवंश: Nandapur line. राजधानी: Nandapur, later Rayagada
Resisted the extension of Company authority into the hills; a British force attacked Jeypore and destroyed the fort in 1775. His successor reversed the policy and the estate survived by accommodation instead.
राजवंश: Jeypore. राजधानी: Jeypore
The offices that actually held authority above the ghat. A group of villages formed a mutha under its head; a gauntia held the settled valley village and its revenue; the jani or beju held the ritual charge of land and season. Kings dealt with these offices for tribute and forest produce and did not replace them, which is why the plateau kept several languages and several agricultural systems side by side under a succession of dynasties.
Koraput–Kalahandi Uplands का इतिहास — प्राचीन से मध्यकाल होते हुए आधुनिक काल तक, और वे शासक, सेनापति और प्रशासक जिन्होंने इसे गढ़ा। (8)