इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
Kangra & Dhauladhar · Western Himalaya & Trans-Himalaya
Kangra's dates belong to a fort and a fault line rather than to Delhi. The Katoch rulers claim descent from the Trigarta of the Mahabharata and are often called one of the oldest surviving royal lines in the world; that claim is tradition, and the securely dated record begins in 1009, when Mahmud of Ghazni's force took the fort at Nagarkot. The medieval period here is therefore the eight centuries in which everyone who wanted the valley had to take that one rock above the Banganga — the Tughlaqs, the Mughals in 1620, Sansar Chand in the 1780s, the Gurkhas in 1806, Ranjit Singh in 1809 — and the region's politics can be read almost entirely as a sequence of sieges. Its modern period begins in 1846, and this is the one region in this group that became British India directly: annexed after the First Anglo-Sikh War and administered as an ordinary district of Punjab, with a collector, a cantonment at Dharamshala and, in time, Congress politics of the plains variety, which its princely neighbours did not have. The sharpest break of all, though, is not political. At a little after six on the morning of 4 April 1905 an earthquake took down the fort, the goddess temple at Bhawan and much of Dharamshala within a minute, and the valley's built history is divided into before and after it.
कालक्रम यहाँ क्षेत्रीय है, राष्ट्रीय नहीं — मध्यकाल हर क्षेत्र में एक ही सदी से शुरू नहीं होता।
The trough has been settled since long before any dynasty claimed it, and its early record is in coins and rock rather than in chronicles. The Audumbaras, a people of the Beas–Ravi country, struck coins here in the last centuries BCE that name their tribe rather than a king. By the seventh century the hills belonged to the kingdom of Jalandhara described by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang. The great surviving monument of the period is at Masrur, where a group of temples was cut downward out of a single sandstone ridge rather than built up from the ground — the only rock-cut temple complex of its kind in the northern Himalaya, and one whose patron is unknown. Everything about the Katoch line's earlier antiquity is claim rather than evidence, and the honest position is to say so and start the dated record later.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| traditional | The Katoch rulers claim descent from Susharma Chandra, a king of Trigarta named in the Mahabharata, and trace the founding of the Kangra fort to him. This is dynastic tradition, not dated record. |
| c. 2nd–1st century BCE | The Audumbaras of the Beas–Ravi country strike their own coinage, the earliest firm evidence of organised polity in the valley. |
| c. 635 CE | The pilgrim Xuanzang describes the kingdom of Jalandhara, whose territory includes these hills. |
| c. 8th–9th century | The Masrur temples are cut downward into a sandstone ridge, the only rock-cut temple group of their kind in the western Himalaya. |
From 1009 the valley's recorded history is the history of one fort. Nagarkot, the fort at the Banganga–Manjhi confluence below Kangra town, held the treasury of the goddess temple and commanded the road into the hills, and it was taken, besieged or bought by every power that reached the Dhauladhar: a raid in 1009, an expedition under Firoz Shah Tughlaq in 1360, a Mughal siege that ended in surrender in 1620, and a Sikh commander who held it until Sansar Chand recovered it in the mid-1780s. Sansar Chand's forty-odd years are the valley's high point and its undoing at once. From Tira Sujanpur he made Kangra the dominant hill state, pressing Chamba, Mandi and Bilaspur hard, and he paid for the workshops in which the Pahari painters of the Seu family and their successors produced the mature Kangra manner — cool greens, a fine line, and the Gita Govinda and Bhagavata subjects the school is known for. His campaign against Bilaspur brought the hill states and the Gurkhas against him in 1806; the Gurkhas held the valley for three years while the fort held out, and the price of expelling them was Ranjit Singh's overlordship from 1809 and, eventually, the fort itself.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1009 | A force under Mahmud of Ghazni takes the fort at Nagarkot and removes the temple treasury it held. |
| 1204 | The Vaidyanath temple at Baijnath is built; its inscriptions name two merchants as its patrons and date the work, one of the firmest dates in the region. |
| 1360 | Firoz Shah Tughlaq's expedition reaches Nagarkot; the raja submits and the shrine's treasury is again removed. |
| 1620 | The Kangra fort surrenders to a Mughal siege after earlier attempts fail, and is held by imperial governors for more than a century and a half. |
| mid-1780s | Sansar Chand II recovers the fort from the Sikh commander holding it, restoring Katoch control of the valley. |
| 1806 | A Gurkha army under Amar Singh Thapa, allied with hill states Sansar Chand had pressed, invades Kangra and besieges the fort for three years. |
| 1809 | Ranjit Singh's forces expel the Gurkhas; the fort passes to Lahore and Kangra becomes a tributary, losing its remaining territory to the Sikh state by 1828. |
Annexation in 1846 made Kangra a district of British Punjab, and that administrative fact separates it from every neighbour in these hills. There was a collector, a land settlement, a cantonment and civil station at Dharamshala from 1849, tea gardens planted from about 1850 on the free-draining fans between Palampur and Baijnath whose leaf won prizes in Europe before the plantations were sold up, and a narrow-gauge railway from Pathankot to Jogindernagar completed in 1929, built to carry material for the hydro-electric works at the head of the valley and, incidentally, the tea. It also meant the ordinary machinery of colonial rule to resist: the Nurpur country rose in 1848 against the annexation, and from the 1920s the district had Congress committees, arrests and a poet-organiser, Baba Kanshi Ram, who sang in Pahari and wore black for the last twelve years of his life. Between those two, on 4 April 1905, the valley lost about twenty thousand people in a morning; the fort was left a ruin, the Bhawan temple collapsed on the people inside it, and Dharamshala's cantonment never fully recovered its earlier importance.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1846 | Kangra is annexed after the First Anglo-Sikh War and administered as a district of British Punjab — the only part of this region to come under direct British administration. |
| 1848 | Ram Singh Pathania raises the Nurpur country against the annexation and holds Shahpur Kandi for a time before being taken. |
| 1849 onward | A cantonment and civil station are laid out at Dharamshala, which becomes the district headquarters, and tea planting begins on the fans between Palampur and Baijnath from about 1850. |
| 3 August 1857 | Pratap Singh of Kullu and his companion Vir Singh are hanged at Dharamshala after the attempted rising in Kullu; the district itself stays under control. |
| 4 April 1905 | An earthquake destroys the Kangra fort, the Bhawan temple and much of Dharamshala and Palampur; about twenty thousand deaths are the figure usually given. |
| 1920–1942 | Congress organisation spreads through the district, with a political conference at Sujanpur Tira in 1927 broken up amid injuries, and repeated arrests through civil disobedience and Quit India. |
| 1929 | The narrow-gauge Kangra Valley Railway from Pathankot to Jogindernagar is completed, linking the valley to the plains. |
शासक और सेनापति
The Katoch line traces itself to a Trigarta king named in the Mahabharata and credits him with founding the Kangra fort. The claim is central to how the dynasty presents itself and is repeated in every local account, but it is tradition and cannot be dated.
राजवंश: Katoch, by tradition. राजधानी: Kangra
Served the Mughals in the Deccan and on the frontier, then broke with Shah Jahan in the early 1640s and held out in the hill forts of Mau and Taragarh until a siege forced his submission. Nurpur's independence in these hills effectively ends with him.
राजवंश: Pathania of Nurpur. राजधानी: Nurpur
Rebuilt Katoch power in the confusion following Mughal collapse, holding office in the Jalandhar Doab under Afghan authority while the Kangra fort itself remained out of his hands, and founding the court at Tira Sujanpur that his grandson made famous.
राजवंश: Katoch. राजधानी: Tira Sujanpur
Recovered the Kangra fort in the mid-1780s and made Kangra the dominant hill state for a generation. His workshops produced the mature phase of Pahari painting that carries this valley's name. His pressure on Bilaspur brought the Gurkha invasion of 1806, and the cost of expelling it was subordination to Ranjit Singh and the loss of the fort in 1809.
राजवंश: Katoch. राजधानी: Tira Sujanpur
Commanded the Gurkha army that defeated Sansar Chand in 1806, occupied the valley and besieged the Kangra fort for three years without taking it, before being expelled by Ranjit Singh's forces in 1809. The three-year occupation depopulated parts of the valley and broke Katoch power for good.
राजवंश: Gorkha service. राजधानी: Kangra valley
Governed the Kangra hills for Lahore for over twenty years, holding the fort and collecting revenue from the hill chiefs. It is under this administration, rather than under any raja, that Kangra spends the last generation before annexation.
राजवंश: Sikh administration under Ranjit Singh. राजधानी: Kangra fort
Sansar Chand's son, who left his territory rather than meet the Lahore court's demands and crossed the Sutlej into British-protected country. His departure ended Katoch rule in the valley; the family later held a much reduced estate.
राजवंश: Katoch. राजधानी: Tira Sujanpur
Kangra & Dhauladhar का इतिहास — प्राचीन से मध्यकाल होते हुए आधुनिक काल तक, और वे शासक, सेनापति और प्रशासक जिन्होंने इसे गढ़ा। (7)