इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
Bundelkhand · Central Highlands & Forest Belt
Bundelkhand's periods are set by its own politics rather than by north Indian dates. Its medieval period begins early, around 831, when the Chandelas emerged in the granite country and began the reservoir and temple building that still defines it; and it runs unusually long, because the Bundela states that succeeded them held real power until 1731. The modern period therefore begins with Chhatrasal's death in that year, when a third of his kingdom passed to the Marathas and the rest was divided among his sons — the fragmentation into three dozen small states that later let the British deal with the region piecemeal, and that is the direct ancestor of its present position as the periphery of two administrations. The other date that matters here is not 1857 but 1842, when a rising across the Sagar and Narmada territories set out the grievances and much of the leadership that reappeared fifteen years later.
कालक्रम यहाँ क्षेत्रीय है, राष्ट्रीय नहीं — मध्यकाल हर क्षेत्र में एक ही सदी से शुरू नहीं होता।
The Vindhyan edge and the granite upland were never a single ancient polity, but they carry an exceptional concentration of early epigraphy and early stone building because the rock was there to build with and to cut inscriptions into. Eran, on the Bina in Sagar district, has one of the longest unbroken inscriptional sequences in India, from Sunga-period records through the Guptas, along with a colossal stone boar of the early sixth century. Deogarh, above the Betwa in Lalitpur district, has the Dashavatara temple of about 500 CE — among the earliest surviving stone temples with a superstructure anywhere in northern India, and the model from which a great deal of later north Indian temple form descends. The region's name in inscriptions of the following period is Jejakabhukti.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| c. 2nd century BCE | Eran, on the Bina river, is a mint town; its coin finds are among the earliest inscribed Indian coinage. |
| c. 500 CE | The Dashavatara temple at Deogarh is built above the Betwa, one of the earliest surviving stone temples with a superstructure in northern India. |
| 510 CE | The Eran pillar inscription of the time of Bhanugupta is set up; it is among the most-cited epigraphic records of the late Gupta period. |
| 6th century CE | The colossal stone boar at Eran is carved, its body covered with small figures. |
| c. 830 | Chandela rule begins in the granite country; the region appears in inscriptions as Jejakabhukti. |
The Chandelas solved the region's permanent problem, which is that Archaean granite will not let rain soak in. Between the ninth and thirteenth centuries they closed the gaps between granite ridges with wide earthen bunds faced in stone, making hundreds of reservoirs whose seepage recharged the wells below — the settlement pattern of Mahoba, Chhatarpur and Tikamgarh still follows the tanks rather than the rivers. The surplus paid for Khajuraho, built in roughly a century between 950 and 1050 under Yashovarman, Dhanga and Vidyadhara, and for the fortresses at Kalinjar and Ajaigarh. After the Chandelas fell to the Delhi Sultanate the uplands were held loosely for two centuries until the Bundelas built a new political core on the Betwa at Orchha, Datia and Jhansi, and produced in Chhatrasal a ruler who carved out Panna and its diamond field. Chhatrasal's decision in 1729 to buy Maratha help against an imperial army is the act that ends the region's independence.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 950–1050 | The Khajuraho temples are built under Yashovarman, Dhanga and Vidyadhara; roughly thirty of about eighty-five survive. |
| 1019 and 1022 | Mahmud of Ghazni campaigns against Kalinjar in the reign of Vidyadhara. |
| 1182–83 | Prithviraj Chauhan invades Mahoba and defeats Paramardi; the Alha ballad cycle, sung here through the monsoon, takes this campaign as its subject, though it is ballad rather than record. |
| 1202–03 | Kalinjar is taken by Qutb-ud-din Aibak's forces; Chandela power ends. |
| 1531 | Rudra Pratap Singh founds Orchha on the Betwa; the Bundela states take shape around it. |
| 22 May 1545 | Sher Shah Suri dies of wounds received while besieging Kalinjar; the fort falls shortly after. |
| 1729 | Muhammad Khan Bangash besieges the ageing Chhatrasal at Jaitpur; Peshwa Baji Rao I relieves him, and Chhatrasal makes over about a third of his territory, including diamond-bearing country, to the Marathas. |
Chhatrasal died in 1731 and the region broke into pieces, which is the single fact that governs everything after. Maratha claimants, Bundela houses, the Bangash and the Nawabs of Banda held overlapping shares; the Company inherited the tangle after 1802 and settled it by recognising dozens of separate chiefships instead of one state. Grievance accumulated at the level of the small jagirdar whose tenure the new settlements did not recognise, and it broke out in 1842 across the Sagar and Narmada territories, then again in 1857 on a much larger scale. After 1858 the region was reorganised into agencies and superintendencies, and its nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are marked less by politics than by drought — the famines of 1868–69, 1896–97 and 1907–08 fell on it hard, and the Chandela tanks that had once carried the country through dry years had by then silted and been let go.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1731 | Chhatrasal dies; his territory is divided among his sons and the Marathas, beginning the fragmentation into small states. |
| 1802–1803 | Bundelkhand passes to the East India Company under the settlements that follow the Treaty of Bassein; the Company recognises the existing chiefships rather than consolidating them. |
| 1842–43 | The Bundela rising spreads through Sagar, Damoh, Narsinghpur and Jabalpur; the fort at Hiragarh is demolished and the rising is put down by 1843. |
| 1854 | Jhansi is annexed on the death of Gangadhar Rao under the doctrine of lapse, the adoption of Damodar Rao having been refused recognition. |
| 1857–58 | Revolt across the region — Jhansi, Banpur, Shahgarh, Banda, Sagar and Charkhari; Hugh Rose's Central India Field Force clears it between January and June 1858. |
| 1886 | Jhansi is transferred to British administration in an exchange with Gwalior, which receives Gwalior fort. |
| 1896–97 and 1907–08 | Severe famines across the region; large-scale seasonal migration out of Bundelkhand dates from this period. |
शासक और सेनापति
The first Chandela named in the dynasty's own inscriptions. The line he began held the granite country for nearly four centuries and built both the tanks and the temples the region is known for.
राजवंश: Chandela. राजधानी: Khajuraho
Ruled at the height of Chandela power and faced Mahmud of Ghazni's campaigns of 1019 and 1022 without losing Kalinjar. The Kandariya Mahadeva temple at Khajuraho is generally assigned to his reign.
राजवंश: Chandela. राजधानी: Kalinjar
Defeated by Prithviraj Chauhan at Mahoba in 1182–83, and the last Chandela to hold the region intact. The Alha cycle, still sung across Bundelkhand in the monsoon, treats his reign as its setting; it is a ballad tradition rather than a chronicle.
राजवंश: Chandela. राजधानी: Mahoba
Founded Orchha on a bend of the Betwa in 1531, giving the Bundelas a defensible capital and the region a new political centre after three centuries without one.
राजवंश: Bundela. राजधानी: Orchha
Killed Abul Fazl, Akbar's minister and chronicler, on the Agra road in 1602 at the instance of Prince Salim, and was rewarded when Salim became emperor. Built the Jahangir Mahal at Orchha and the fort at Jhansi.
राजवंश: Bundela. राजधानी: Orchha
Began a rising in 1671 with a few dozen men and ended holding a kingdom based on Panna and its diamond field. In 1729, besieged at Jaitpur by Muhammad Khan Bangash, he called in Peshwa Baji Rao I and paid for the rescue with about a third of his territory — the opening through which Maratha power entered Bundelkhand.
राजवंश: Bundela. राजधानी: Panna
Widow of Gangadhar Rao and regent for their adopted son Damodar Rao, whose succession the Company refused to recognise. She administered Jhansi through the second half of 1857, defended it against a siege in March and April 1858, and was killed near Gwalior on 17 June 1858. Her birth year is variously given.
राजवंश: Newalkar of Jhansi. राजधानी: Jhansi
Last Nawab of Banda. He joined the revolt in 1857, commanded rebel forces alongside Tatya Tope and the Rani of Jhansi, and took part in the operations at Charkhari and Gwalior. He surrendered in November 1858 and lived the rest of his life at Indore on a pension.
राजवंश: Banda Nawabs, descended from Baji Rao I. राजधानी: Banda
Bundelkhand का इतिहास — प्राचीन से मध्यकाल होते हुए आधुनिक काल तक, और वे शासक, सेनापति और प्रशासक जिन्होंने इसे गढ़ा। (8)