इस क्षेत्र का अनुवाद अभी इस भाषा में नहीं हुआ है, इसलिए यह अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया जा रहा है।
Awadh · Upper Indus–Gangetic Plain
Awadh's periodisation does not follow the national one. Its medieval period effectively begins with the Delhi Sultanate's reach into the Gomti plain, and its modern period begins not in 1857 but in 1722, when a Mughal governorship stopped reporting meaningfully to Delhi and started behaving as a state. Everything the region is known for — the kitchen, the Kathak, the chikan, the Urdu — is a product of that hundred and thirty years of functional independence.
कालक्रम यहाँ क्षेत्रीय है, राष्ट्रीय नहीं — मध्यकाल हर क्षेत्र में एक ही सदी से शुरू नहीं होता।
The Gomti–Ghaghara plain was Kosala, one of the sixteen mahajanapadas, with Saketa and Sravasti as its principal cities. Sravasti mattered more than either in its own time: the Buddha is recorded as having spent more rainy seasons there than anywhere else, and the Jetavana monastery made it a teaching centre rather than merely a capital. What survives above ground is mostly Gupta-era and later brickwork, because the alluvium here has no building stone and everything was made of what the river left.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| c. 6th century BCE | Kosala is one of the mahajanapadas, with Saketa (Ayodhya) and Sravasti as its main cities. |
| c. 5th century BCE | Sravasti becomes a principal centre of the Buddha's teaching; Jetavana is endowed there. |
| 4th century BCE onward | Absorbed into Magadha, then Mauryan administration; Ashokan pillars are recorded at Sravasti. |
| 4th–6th century CE | Gupta period; the brick temple tradition of the plain takes its lasting form. |
Under the Delhi Sultanate and then the Mughals, Awadh was a suba — a revenue province, not a culture. Its importance was agricultural: deep alluvium, a high water table and a reliable rice-wheat rotation made it one of the empire's dependable revenue tracts. The Persianate layer that later defines the region arrived here as administration long before it arrived as taste.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1394–1479 | The Sharqi Sultanate at Jaunpur, immediately east, sets the architectural and musical idiom the region later absorbs. |
| 1580 | Akbar's revenue settlement formalises Awadh as a suba with Lucknow among its administrative centres. |
| 17th century | Bhakti and Sufi currents spread in the countryside; Tulsidas composes the Ramcharitmanas in Awadhi. |
In 1722 Saadat Khan was appointed governor and, as Mughal authority thinned, the post became hereditary and the province became a state in all but name. The court's move from Faizabad to Lucknow under Asaf-ud-Daula in 1775 is the hinge: a capital built deliberately as a cultural project produced the dum kitchen, the Lucknow Kathak gharana, chikankari and a distinct Urdu register within two generations. Annexation in 1856 removed the state and left the culture intact and unusually portable — which is why Awadhi cooking and Kathak both travelled further after the court fell than while it stood.
| कब | क्या हुआ |
|---|---|
| 1722 | Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk is appointed Subedar of Awadh; the office becomes hereditary. |
| 1764 | Defeat at Buxar alongside the Mughal emperor and Mir Qasim; the Treaty of Allahabad follows in 1765. |
| 1775 | Asaf-ud-Daula moves the capital from Faizabad to Lucknow. |
| 1784 | The Bara Imambara is built as famine relief work, employing labourers on a scheme designed to last years rather than months. |
| 1819 | Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar assumes the title of Badshah, formally ending the fiction of Mughal overlordship. |
| 1856 | Awadh is annexed by the East India Company on grounds of misgovernment; Wajid Ali Shah is exiled to Matiya Burj, near Calcutta. |
| 1857–58 | Lucknow is a principal centre of the revolt; the Residency is besieged from June to November 1857. |
| 1859 | The taluqdari settlement confirms large intermediary landholdings, shaping rural Awadh into the twentieth century. |
शासक और सेनापति
Appointed governor by Delhi and turned the appointment into a dynasty. The state that produced the Awadhi kitchen and the Lucknow gharana begins as an administrative post that stopped sending money.
राजवंश: Nawabs of Awadh. राजधानी: Faizabad
Commanded at Buxar in 1764 alongside the Mughal emperor and Mir Qasim. The defeat and the Treaty of Allahabad that followed set the terms under which Awadh survived as a subordinate state for ninety years.
राजवंश: Nawabs of Awadh. राजधानी: Faizabad
Moved the capital to Lucknow and built it as a cultural project. The Bara Imambara, begun in 1784, was famine relief: labourers built by day and, by the account repeated locally, part of the work was pulled down at night so the scheme would employ people for years.
राजवंश: Nawabs of Awadh. राजधानी: Lucknow
Took the title of King in 1819, formally ending the claim of Mughal overlordship over Awadh.
राजवंश: Nawabs of Awadh. राजधानी: Lucknow
Composer, poet and patron under the pen name Akhtar. Deposed and exiled in 1856; he rebuilt a version of his court at Matiya Burj outside Calcutta, which is how Awadhi cooking entered the Bengali kitchen.
राजवंश: Nawabs of Awadh. राजधानी: Lucknow
After the annexation and her husband's exile she declared their son Birjis Qadr ruler and directed the defence of Lucknow through 1857. She refused an amnesty and died in exile in Kathmandu.
राजवंश: Nawabs of Awadh. राजधानी: Lucknow
Awadh का इतिहास — प्राचीन से मध्यकाल होते हुए आधुनिक काल तक, और वे शासक, सेनापति और प्रशासक जिन्होंने इसे गढ़ा। (6)