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Anga & Seemanchal · Middle & Lower Gangetic Plain

स्वतंत्रता सेनानी

Resistance in this region was mostly not about the nation. Its two documented risings were fought in the Rajmahal hills and their foothills, by Paharia and then Santal communities, over land, forest, debt and the right to be governed by their own headmen - and both were answered with administrative concessions rather than with reform. Congress organisation reached the Bhagalpur and Munger towns in the 1920s and the countryside only in 1942; east of the Kosi, in Seemanchal, the documentary record of individual participants is thin enough that the honest account of Purnia, Katihar, Araria and Kishanganj in the national movement is a record of places and dates rather than of named people. Where a figure survives mainly in oral tradition, that is said here rather than smoothed over.

विद्रोह और आंदोलन

The Paharia resistance in the Rajmahal hills1770s-1780s

Paharia (Malto-speaking) communities of the Rajmahal uplands resisted Company revenue collection and punitive expeditions in the years after 1770, raiding into the plain from country the Company's troops could not hold. Local tradition names Tilka Manjhi as the leader of the resistance around Bhagalpur.

परिणाम: The Company shifted from expeditions to accommodation: allowances to hill chiefs, and from about 1780 a corps recruited from the hills under its own headmen. The arrangement contained the raiding without resolving the question of who held the hills, which returned in a different form fifty years later.

The Santhal Hul30 June 1855 - January 1856

Santal cultivators settled in the Damin-i-Koh from the 1830s rose against the moneylenders, contractors and police of the tract. The rising began at Bhognadih under Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu and spread through the Rajmahal hills and the Bhagalpur country, drawing tens of thousands.

परिणाम: Martial law was declared on 8 November 1855 and lifted on 3 January 1856. The Government created the separate district of Santhal Parganas by Act 37 of 1855 and, in 1876, the Santhal Parganas Tenancy Act restricting transfer of land out of Santal hands.

The Rohini outbreak12 June 1857

Sepoys stationed at Rohini, near Deoghar, attacked their officers - the first outbreak of 1857 in this part of the province. Bhagalpur, Munger and Purnea remained under Company control through the year.

परिणाम: The outbreak was put down quickly and followed by executions; no sustained rising developed in the plain districts here.

Quit India in Bhagalpur and BankaAugust-November 1942

After the arrests of 9 August, crowds took over police stations, post offices and rail and telegraph lines across the Bhagalpur and Munger districts; village defence units were organised in Banka.

परिणाम: Police firing at Belhar on 29 November 1942 killed Shashi Prasad Singh. Bhagalpur Central Jail, where Jubba Sahni of Muzaffarpur was hanged on 11 March 1944, now carries his name.

व्यक्ति

नाम	वर्ष	आंदोलन	किसलिए मशहूर
Tilka ManjhiRajmahal hills, near Bhagalpur	traditionally 1750-1785	Paharia resistance	Named in the region's oral and later written tradition as the leader of the Paharia resistance around Bhagalpur in the early 1780s, and honoured as such locally, including in the name of the Bhagalpur university. The tradition that he shot Augustus Cleveland is not supported by the record: Cleveland died of fever aboard ship in January 1784. Historians differ sharply on how much of the rest can be documented, and the widely repeated dates should be read as tradition.Tradition holds that he was captured and executed at Bhagalpur; the contemporary record is disputed.
Sidhu MurmuBhognadih, in the Damin-i-Koh	died 1855	Santhal Hul	With his brother Kanhu, called the assembly at Bhognadih on 30 June 1855 that began the Hul across the Rajmahal country.Captured during the suppression of the rising and executed.
Kanhu MurmuBhognadih, in the Damin-i-Koh	died 1856	Santhal Hul	Led the Hul with his brother Sidhu through the Rajmahal hills and the Bhagalpur districts in 1855.Captured in the final phase of the rising and executed.
Shashi Prasad SinghKusaha, Banka district	died 29 November 1942	Quit India	Took part in the civil disobedience campaign and, in 1942, organised village defence units in the Banka countryside during the Quit India movement.Killed in police firing at Belhar, in the Bhagalpur district of the time, on 29 November 1942.
Jubba SahniBorn in Muzaffarpur; executed at Bhagalpur	1906-1944	Quit India	Led the seizure of Minapur police station in Muzaffarpur district on 16 August 1942 and accepted responsibility for it.Hanged at Bhagalpur Central Jail on 11 March 1944; the jail now carries his name.
Phulo and Jhano MurmuBhognadih, in the Damin-i-Koh	died 1855	Santhal Hul	Sisters of Sidhu and Kanhu, remembered in Santal accounts as among the women who fought in the Hul of 1855.Both were killed during the rising.

Anga & Seemanchal के वे लोग जिन्होंने औपनिवेशिक शासन का प्रतिरोध किया, और वे क्षेत्रीय विद्रोह जिन्होंने उस प्रतिरोध को आकार दिया। (10)